Tu e você na variedade rio-branquense: um caso de variação ou escolha funcional?
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2019-02-20
Autores
Silva, Marinete Rodrigues da
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
Os estudos na perspectiva variacionista têm mostrado que não mais se observa a alternância tu/você em todas as variedades do Português Brasileiro (PB). Segundo Menon (1994), nos dados do NURC-SP, apenas a forma você faz parte do sistema pronominal, e o mesmo se aplica ao falar de Belo Horizonte (RAMOS, 1997) e à cidade de Curitiba (cf. LOREGIAN, 1996). Menon (2002) questiona a conclusão de que você já teria substituído cabalmente tu na maior parte do Brasil, e também, a aceitação simples de que tu e você constituem uma variável no PB, já que em algumas variedades somente ocorre uma das formas. Esse quadro justificou plenamente nossa proposta de realizar um estudo dos pronomes tu e você no falar acreano de Rio Branco, com o objetivo específico de verificar se o fenômeno investigado é um caso de variação ou de escolha funcional. Pretende-se verificar ainda se o fenômeno variável investigado - a alternância entre tu e você - com a migração possível de tu e somente depois de você é motivada por falantes de dialetos nordestinos, especialmente cearenses, que acorreram em massa ao Acre durante o período áureo de exploração da borracha (TOCANTINS, 2001). O corpus utilizado é o banco de dados do Projeto “Estudo da Fala Urbana de Rio Branco Acre”, composto por entrevistas da fala natural, com base no módulo “experiências pessoais”, que foram coletadas entre 1998 e 2011. A análise dos dados partiu dos pressupostos funcionalistas de Hengeveld e Mackenzie (2008), Dik (1989), Givón (1993) e Neves (1997) e dos pressupostos teóricos da sociolinguística variacionista, especialmente Labov (2008[1972]), e Guy e Zilles (2007), incluindo a metodologia do processamento quantitativo. Os resultados obtidos permitem afirmar que o pronome você é usado pelos rio-branquenses com maior frequência que o pronome tu indiferentemente se a referência for determinada ou indeterminada e que o uso de tu, também fortemente presente na comunidade rio-branquense, quando se realiza não ativa concordância de pessoa no verbo. Isso nos leva a concluir que a variedade falada em Rio Branco é do tipo você/tu sem concordância (SCHERRE et al., 2015). Na variedade rio-branquense usam-se os pronomes tu e você tanto para referenciar uma entidade única, representada como segunda pessoa do discurso, quanto para referenciar um conjunto de entidades tomadas como genéricas. Esses resultados indicam que a alternância entre tu e você é, ao mesmo tempo, uma variável no sentido clássico do termo, e também uma variável dependente de uma escolha funcional. Se os pais dos informantes representarem já a terceira geração de descendentes de migrantes nordestinos, é possível confirmar, muito hipoteticamente, que essa influência acreana sinalize, na realidade, a origem nordestina mais antiga dos pais, mas que, mais tardiamente já tende para a escolha de você. Há, inclusive, indícios de que a forma inovadora você seja também a de maior grau de prestígio, por ter seu uso favorecido pelos informantes com grau mais elevado de escolaridade. Além disso, com a aplicação da análise subjetiva observou-se que se usa tu em contextos mais íntimos e informais e você, em contextos formais, que denotam relações de poder e deferência.
The studies in a variationist viewpoint have indicated that the alternation between tu/você has been no longer found in all varieties of Brazilian Portuguese. According to Menon (1994), in the NURC – SP database only the form você takes part of the pronominal system and the same is also applied to the speech of Belo Horizonte (RAMOS, 1997) and Curitiba (cf. LOREGIAN, 1996). Menon (2002) questions the conclusion that você would have fully replaced tu in most parts of Brazil; she also refuses the plain recognition that tu and você constitute a true variable in Brazilian Portuguese, since some varieties are provided with only one of these two forms while other are provided with both of them. This general picture fully justifies our proposal to carry out a research about pronouns tu and você in the acrean speech of Rio Branco, focusing more specifically whether the phenomenon investigated represents a case of variation or functional choice. Furthermore, our proposal is to verify whether there would have been a possible early migration of tu, followed lately by você motivated by speakers of Northeastern dialects, especially from Ceará state that migrated massively to Acre state during the golden period of rubber exploration (TOCANTINS, 2001). The corpus used is the database of the project “Research of Urban Speech from Rio Branco – Acre” composed by interviews of ordinary speaking in the module of “personal experiences” collected between 1998 and 2011. The analysis was based on the functional assumptions of Hengeveld and Mackenzie (2008), Dik (1989), Givón (1993) and Neves (1997), also on the theoretical framework of variationist sociolinguistics, especially Labov (2008[1972]) and Guy; Zilles (2007) including the quantitative methodology of data processing. The results allow arguing that the pronoun você is used by Rio Branco speakers in a higher rate than the pronoun tu no matter whether the reference is determined or undetermined and the use of tu which is also strongly present in the Rio Branco speech when used does not activate the standard subject-verb agreement. This leads us to conclude that Rio Branco variiety is the type você/tu with non agreement (SCHERRE et al, 2005). Rio Branco speakers use the pronouns tu and você to make reference both to a single entity represented as the second person and to make reference to an undetermined group of entities taken as generic. These results indicate that the alternation tu and você is at the same time a variable in the classical sense of the term and also a variable dependent from a functional choice. If the parents of the informants represent the third generation of descendants of Northeastern migrants, it is possible to confirm, very hypothetically, that this acrean influence points to, in reality, the oldest northeastern origin of the parents, but that, more lately tends already to the choice of you. There are even some evidence that the innovative form you is also the highest prestigious one justly because of having its use favored by informants with higher degree of education. In addition, the application of a subjective avaliaton analysis, showed that tu is used in more intimate and informal contexts and você, in more formal contexts, denoting relations of power and deference.
The studies in a variationist viewpoint have indicated that the alternation between tu/você has been no longer found in all varieties of Brazilian Portuguese. According to Menon (1994), in the NURC – SP database only the form você takes part of the pronominal system and the same is also applied to the speech of Belo Horizonte (RAMOS, 1997) and Curitiba (cf. LOREGIAN, 1996). Menon (2002) questions the conclusion that você would have fully replaced tu in most parts of Brazil; she also refuses the plain recognition that tu and você constitute a true variable in Brazilian Portuguese, since some varieties are provided with only one of these two forms while other are provided with both of them. This general picture fully justifies our proposal to carry out a research about pronouns tu and você in the acrean speech of Rio Branco, focusing more specifically whether the phenomenon investigated represents a case of variation or functional choice. Furthermore, our proposal is to verify whether there would have been a possible early migration of tu, followed lately by você motivated by speakers of Northeastern dialects, especially from Ceará state that migrated massively to Acre state during the golden period of rubber exploration (TOCANTINS, 2001). The corpus used is the database of the project “Research of Urban Speech from Rio Branco – Acre” composed by interviews of ordinary speaking in the module of “personal experiences” collected between 1998 and 2011. The analysis was based on the functional assumptions of Hengeveld and Mackenzie (2008), Dik (1989), Givón (1993) and Neves (1997), also on the theoretical framework of variationist sociolinguistics, especially Labov (2008[1972]) and Guy; Zilles (2007) including the quantitative methodology of data processing. The results allow arguing that the pronoun você is used by Rio Branco speakers in a higher rate than the pronoun tu no matter whether the reference is determined or undetermined and the use of tu which is also strongly present in the Rio Branco speech when used does not activate the standard subject-verb agreement. This leads us to conclude that Rio Branco variiety is the type você/tu with non agreement (SCHERRE et al, 2005). Rio Branco speakers use the pronouns tu and você to make reference both to a single entity represented as the second person and to make reference to an undetermined group of entities taken as generic. These results indicate that the alternation tu and você is at the same time a variable in the classical sense of the term and also a variable dependent from a functional choice. If the parents of the informants represent the third generation of descendants of Northeastern migrants, it is possible to confirm, very hypothetically, that this acrean influence points to, in reality, the oldest northeastern origin of the parents, but that, more lately tends already to the choice of you. There are even some evidence that the innovative form you is also the highest prestigious one justly because of having its use favored by informants with higher degree of education. In addition, the application of a subjective avaliaton analysis, showed that tu is used in more intimate and informal contexts and você, in more formal contexts, denoting relations of power and deference.
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Palavras-chave
Pronomes pessoais, referência determinada, referência Indeterminada, Personal pronouns, determined reference, undetermined reference