O papel do Amh na diferenciação sexual e na gametogênese de peixes teleósteos
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Data
2019-01-31
Autores
Oliveira, Marcos Antonio de [UNESP]
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Editor
Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
A decisão se a gônada indiferenciada irá se desenvolver em um testículo ou um ovário é uma etapa crítica na diferenciação sexual dos vertebrados. Este processo consiste em uma complexa cascata gênica que culmina na diferenciação das células somáticas presente na gônada indiferenciada. Neste sentido, o hormônio anti-Mülleriano é um importante efetor nesta decisão. Estudos com o peixe medaka mutante hotei, no qual o receptor do Amh tipo 2 (amhrII) é mutado, mostram elevado índice gonadossomático, e reversão sexual de macho para fêmea. Com base nestas informações, acredita-se que o Amh possa regular o número de células germinativas e diretamente ou indiretamente este fato pode influenciar na decisão da gônada bipotencial em se tornar um testículo ou ovário. Sendo assim, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi de se avaliar a sinalização do Amh durante a diferenciação sexual no medaka. Para tanto, estudos de perda de função gênica foram empregados, no qual o gene amh foi deletado através do sistema CRISPR/Cas9. Também foi avaliada a expressão dos genes que atuam na janela de diferenciação sexual por RT-qPCR. Inicialmente, identificamos dois tipos de mutação nos animais heterozigotos (amh (-/+) da F1. A mutação mais interessante foi a deleção de 759 pares de base entre os exons 6 e 7 que compreende parte dos domínios Amh_N e TGF-β. Na geração F2, os mutantes homozigotos amh (-/-) machos XY apresentaram 100% de reversão sexual para fêmeas fenotípicas. Além disso os animais amh (-/-) apresentaram hipertrofia gonadal. Não foi realizado nenhum tipo de análise histológica, porém, considerando-se os dados da literatura, sugere-se que a ausência do Amh em nossos mutantes também tenha levado à uma proliferação excessiva das células germinativas. Assim, é sugerido em nosso trabalho que o Amh está envolvido na proliferação das células germinativas, sendo um efetor crucial para a formação do testículo. Esse resultado corrobora os dados de expressão temporal do amh e de alguns genes chaves do processo de diferenciação durante diferentes estágios de desenvolvimento de medakas selvagens. A expressão do amh foi maior em machos do que em fêmeas durante todos os estágios de desenvolvimento. Sua expressão diferencial inicia-se no estágio 34 que precede a janela de diferenciação sexual em medaka. Interessantemente, a expressão de outros genes envolvidos na cascata de diferenciação sexual masculina como dmrt1, amhrII e gsdf foi posterior à do amh. Este dado sugere que o Amh atue como efetor upstream da cascata de diferenciação masculina, sendo responsável, direta ou indiretamente, por ativar genes como dmrt1 e gsdf. Estes resultados estão alinhados com os dados encontrados neste trabalho para os medakas mutantes amh (-/-), onde na ausência do Amh, todos os machos XY se diferenciam em fêmeas. Na ausência do Amh, os efetores downstream da cascata não seriam ativados, o que levaria à diferenciação gonadal feminina. De maneira geral, o presente estudo demonstra que o Amh desempenha um papel crucial no processo de diferenciação sexual do medaka. Além disso, o Amh atua como efetor da cascata de diferenciação sexual masculina e também regula a proliferação das células germinativas nesta espécie.
The decision whether the undifferentiated gonad will develop in a testicle or an ovary is a critical step in the sexual differentiation of vertebrates. This process consists of a complex genetic cascade that culminates in the differentiation of the somatic cells present in the undifferentiated gonad. In this context, the anti-Müllerian hormone is an important effector in this decision. Studies with the medaka hotei fish, in which the Amh type 2 receptor (amhrII) is mutated, show high gonadosomatic index, and sexual reversion from male to female. Based on this information, it is postulated that the Amh regulates the number of germ cells, and directly or indirectly this fact may influence the decision of the bipotential gonad to become a testicle or ovary. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the signaling of Amh during sexual differentiation in medaka. For that, studies of loss of gene function were employed, in which the amh gene was deleted through the CRISPR / Cas9 system. We also evaluated the expression of genes that act in the window of sexual differentiation by RT-qPCR. We initially identified two types of mutation in F1 heterozygous (amh -/+) animals. The most interesting mutation was the deletion of 759 base pairs between exons 6 and 7 which comprises part of the Amh_N and TGF-β domains. In the F2 generation, the homozygous amh (-/-) mutants XY males presented 100% of sexual reversion. In addition, the amh (-/-) animals presented gonadal hypertrophy. We did not perform any histological analysis, but considering the literature data, it is suggested that the absence of Amh in our mutants also led to an excessive proliferation of germ cells. Thus, our work shows that Amh is involved in the proliferation of germ cells, being a crucial effector for testicular formation. This result corroborates the temporal expression data of the amh and some key genes of the differentiation process during different stages of development of wild medakas. amh transcripts were highly expressed in males than in females during all stages of development. Its differential expression begins in stage 34 that precedes the window of sexual differentiation in medaka. Interestingly, the expression of other genes involved in the cascade of male sexual differentiation, as dmrt1, amhrII and gsdf was later than amh. This data suggests that Amh acts as an upstream effector of the male differentiation cascade, being responsible, directly or indirectly, for activating genes such as dmrt1 and gsdf. These results are in line with the data found in this work for the amh (-/-) mutant medakas, wherein the absence of Amh, all XY males undergone sex reversal to females. In the absence of Amh, the downstream cascade effectors would not be activated, which would lead to female gonadal differentiation. In general, this work demonstrates that Amh plays a crucial role in the process of sexual differentiation of medaka fish. In addition, Amh acts as an effector of cascade of male sexual differentiation and also regulates the proliferation of germ cells in this species.
The decision whether the undifferentiated gonad will develop in a testicle or an ovary is a critical step in the sexual differentiation of vertebrates. This process consists of a complex genetic cascade that culminates in the differentiation of the somatic cells present in the undifferentiated gonad. In this context, the anti-Müllerian hormone is an important effector in this decision. Studies with the medaka hotei fish, in which the Amh type 2 receptor (amhrII) is mutated, show high gonadosomatic index, and sexual reversion from male to female. Based on this information, it is postulated that the Amh regulates the number of germ cells, and directly or indirectly this fact may influence the decision of the bipotential gonad to become a testicle or ovary. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the signaling of Amh during sexual differentiation in medaka. For that, studies of loss of gene function were employed, in which the amh gene was deleted through the CRISPR / Cas9 system. We also evaluated the expression of genes that act in the window of sexual differentiation by RT-qPCR. We initially identified two types of mutation in F1 heterozygous (amh -/+) animals. The most interesting mutation was the deletion of 759 base pairs between exons 6 and 7 which comprises part of the Amh_N and TGF-β domains. In the F2 generation, the homozygous amh (-/-) mutants XY males presented 100% of sexual reversion. In addition, the amh (-/-) animals presented gonadal hypertrophy. We did not perform any histological analysis, but considering the literature data, it is suggested that the absence of Amh in our mutants also led to an excessive proliferation of germ cells. Thus, our work shows that Amh is involved in the proliferation of germ cells, being a crucial effector for testicular formation. This result corroborates the temporal expression data of the amh and some key genes of the differentiation process during different stages of development of wild medakas. amh transcripts were highly expressed in males than in females during all stages of development. Its differential expression begins in stage 34 that precedes the window of sexual differentiation in medaka. Interestingly, the expression of other genes involved in the cascade of male sexual differentiation, as dmrt1, amhrII and gsdf was later than amh. This data suggests that Amh acts as an upstream effector of the male differentiation cascade, being responsible, directly or indirectly, for activating genes such as dmrt1 and gsdf. These results are in line with the data found in this work for the amh (-/-) mutant medakas, wherein the absence of Amh, all XY males undergone sex reversal to females. In the absence of Amh, the downstream cascade effectors would not be activated, which would lead to female gonadal differentiation. In general, this work demonstrates that Amh plays a crucial role in the process of sexual differentiation of medaka fish. In addition, Amh acts as an effector of cascade of male sexual differentiation and also regulates the proliferation of germ cells in this species.
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Palavras-chave
Amh, Gônada indiferenciada, Mutação, Reversão sexual, Peixe medaka, Undifferentiated gonada, Mutation, Sex reversion, Medaka fish