Estudo soroepidemiológico da infecção por paramixovírus ofídico em serpentes mantidas em cativeiro
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Data
2019-02-27
Autores
Oliveira, Cristiano Correa
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
O veneno de serpente tem sido utilizado para diversas finalidades terapêuticas; portanto, desde o início do século XX, a criação de serpentes em cativeiro tornou-se uma atividade cada vez mais relevante. Os principais motivos da existência e permanência destes cativeiros se atribuem à produção dos soros antiofídicos, e o uso de seus venenos e seus componentes isolados com potenciais aplicações à saúde animal e humana. Porém, a vida em cativeiro pode resultar na síndrome da má adaptação, a qual o animal sob estresse desenvolve inapetência e, consequentemente há o acometimento da imunidade, podendo desenvolver infecções por micro-organismos como fungos, bactérias e vírus. Desta forma, o controle e prevenção de infecções em serpentes mantidas em cativeiro tornaram-se assuntos muito importantes. Dentre as doenças infecciosas virais, têm-se a infecção pelo Paramixovírus ofídico, atualmente, denominado Ferlavirus reptiliano. Este vírus é altamente devastador em serpentes, pois atua no sistema nervoso central e respiratório, podendo levar à morte e/ou morbidade na fase aguda da doença, sendo que na fase crônica, o animal pode atuar como reservatório do vírus, e disseminar a doença no plantel. Atualmente, não há tratamento específico nem vacinas disponíveis para esta virose. Porém, testes sorológicos estão emergindo para a detecção de anticorpos. Dentre estes testes, encontram-se o ensaio de Inibição de Hemaglutinação (HI) e o ensaio de ELISA de Bloqueio de Fase Líquida (BFL-ELISA), os quais diferem na sensibilidade e especificidade analítica. Diante do desafio de diagnosticar e prevenir esta grave infecção, o objetivo deste projeto foi realizar um estudo soroepidemiológico da infecção por paramixovírus ofídico em serpentes mantidas em cativeiro através de testes de HI e BFL-ELISA. Para os testes, utilizou os soros de 302 serpentes das famílias Viperidae, Boidae e Colubridae, as quais eram provenientes de cativeiros intensivos e semiextensivos de três estados da região sudeste do Brasil. Os resultados evidenciaram que os animais, independente da espécie e do tipo de cativeiro, possuem anticorpos anti-paramixovírus, inclusive àqueles recém-chegados da natureza. As serpentes da espécie Crotalus durissus terríficus, (C.d.t.) possuem maior quantidade de anticorpos que as demais espécies estudadas, independente da origem e do tipo de alojamento. Dentre os animais da espécie C.d.t., houve um aumento significativo de anticorpos naquelas que vivem no serpentário semiextensivo em comparação com as que vivem no serpentário intensivo. É provável que o Paramixovírus seja um vírus oportunista e endêmico na natureza da região Sudeste do Brasil, sendo favorecido pelo contato das serpentes de vida livre. Novos estudos para detecção do vírus nas serpentes devem ser realizados, uma vez que, tanto os animais de cativeiro como de vida livre apresentam anticorpos contra o paramixovírus ofídico.
Snake venom has been used for several therapeutic purposes. Therefore, breeding snakes in captivity has become an increasingly relevant activity since early20th century. The main reasons for the existence and permanence of these captivities are the production of snake antivenom and the use of venom and its isolate compounds with potential applications in human and animal health. However, living in captivity may result in the maladaptation syndrome, in which the animal under stress develops inappetence and, consequently, a decrease in immunity, becoming more likely to develop infections caused by microorganisms as fungi, bacteria and viruses. Thus, the control and prevention of infections in snakes kept in captivity became very important subjects. The infection by the ophidian paramyxovirus named reptilian ferlavirus is among the viral infectious diseases. This virus is highly devastating in snakes because its action in central and respiratory nervous system and may lead to death and/or morbidity in the acute stage of the disease, consideringthat the animal may act as a reservoir of the virus in the chronic stage and spread the disease in the breeding stock. Nowadays, there isn’t a specific treatment or vaccines available for strike this viral infection, however, serological tests are emerging for antibodies detection. Hemagglutination Inhibition (HI) and Liquid Phase Blocking ELISA (LPB-ELISA) are among these tests, which differs from each other in sensitivity and analytical specificity. Facing the challenge of diagnosing and avoiding this severe infection, the aim of this project was to carry out a seroepidemiological study of the ophidian paramyxovirus in snakes kept in captivity through of HI and LPB-ELISA tests. Serums from 287 Viperidae, Boidae and Colubridae snakes families were used for the tests, which came from intensive and semi-extensive captivities from three states of the Southeastern region of Brazil. The results showed that the animals have anti-paramyxovirus antibodies, regardless of the species and type of captivity, including those ones who have just arrived from nature. Snakes from the Crotalus durissus terrificus (C.d.t.) species have a higher amount of antibodies than other species studied, regardless of origin and type of lodging. Considering C.d.t. animals, there was a significant increase of antibodies in the snakes living in the semi-extensive serpentarium, in comparison to the ones living in the intensive serpentarium. The paramyxovirus is probably an opportunist and endemic virus in nature at the Southeastern region of Brazil, being favored by the contact with wild snakes. New studies for the detection of the virus in snakes must be performed, considering that both captivity and free animals present antibodies against the ophidian paramyxovirus.
Snake venom has been used for several therapeutic purposes. Therefore, breeding snakes in captivity has become an increasingly relevant activity since early20th century. The main reasons for the existence and permanence of these captivities are the production of snake antivenom and the use of venom and its isolate compounds with potential applications in human and animal health. However, living in captivity may result in the maladaptation syndrome, in which the animal under stress develops inappetence and, consequently, a decrease in immunity, becoming more likely to develop infections caused by microorganisms as fungi, bacteria and viruses. Thus, the control and prevention of infections in snakes kept in captivity became very important subjects. The infection by the ophidian paramyxovirus named reptilian ferlavirus is among the viral infectious diseases. This virus is highly devastating in snakes because its action in central and respiratory nervous system and may lead to death and/or morbidity in the acute stage of the disease, consideringthat the animal may act as a reservoir of the virus in the chronic stage and spread the disease in the breeding stock. Nowadays, there isn’t a specific treatment or vaccines available for strike this viral infection, however, serological tests are emerging for antibodies detection. Hemagglutination Inhibition (HI) and Liquid Phase Blocking ELISA (LPB-ELISA) are among these tests, which differs from each other in sensitivity and analytical specificity. Facing the challenge of diagnosing and avoiding this severe infection, the aim of this project was to carry out a seroepidemiological study of the ophidian paramyxovirus in snakes kept in captivity through of HI and LPB-ELISA tests. Serums from 287 Viperidae, Boidae and Colubridae snakes families were used for the tests, which came from intensive and semi-extensive captivities from three states of the Southeastern region of Brazil. The results showed that the animals have anti-paramyxovirus antibodies, regardless of the species and type of captivity, including those ones who have just arrived from nature. Snakes from the Crotalus durissus terrificus (C.d.t.) species have a higher amount of antibodies than other species studied, regardless of origin and type of lodging. Considering C.d.t. animals, there was a significant increase of antibodies in the snakes living in the semi-extensive serpentarium, in comparison to the ones living in the intensive serpentarium. The paramyxovirus is probably an opportunist and endemic virus in nature at the Southeastern region of Brazil, being favored by the contact with wild snakes. New studies for the detection of the virus in snakes must be performed, considering that both captivity and free animals present antibodies against the ophidian paramyxovirus.
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Palavras-chave
Paramixovírus Ofídico, Ferlavírus reptiliano, estudo soroepidemiológico, serpentes em cativeiro, BFL ELISA, Inibição de Hemaglutinação, Ophidian paramyxovirus, reptilian ferlavirus, seroepidemiological study, snakes, captivity, Hemagglutination Inhibition, Lpb-elisa