Variação genética e morfológica das espécies de Thoropa Cope, 1865 (Anura: Cycloramphidae)
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Data
2019-07-19
Autores
Sabbag, Ariadne Fares [UNESP]
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
Thoropa Cope, 1865 (Anura: Cycloramphidae) é um gênero de rãs endêmicas do domínio Mata Atlântica e de ecótonos associados. Possui atualmente seis espécies (T. miliaris, T. petropolitana, T. taophora, T. lutzi, T. megatympanum e T. saxatilis), divididas em dois grupos morfológicos: grupo petropolitana (T. petropolitana e T. lutzi) e grupo miliaris (T. miliaris, T. taophora, T. megatympanum e T. saxatilis). Todas as espécies se reproduzem e se desenvolvem em rochas molhadas de água doce, encontradas em afloramentos rochosos, cachoeiras e riachos. Um estudo recente sobre a filogenia molecular mostrou que T. miliaris é parafilética a T. taophora, e que T. taophora, T. megatympanum e T. saxatilis são monofiléticas com alto suporte (Sabbag et al. 2018). Esse estudo também encontrou diversos clados dentro de cada uma das espécies, especialmente em T. miliaris. Porém, não foi possível estudarem molecularmente as espécies do grupo petropolitana porque existe apenas uma amostra de DNA disponível para o grupo. No presente trabalho, estudamos aspectos genéticos e morfológicos das seis espécies do gênero a fim de investigar a diversidade molecular previamente encontrada, a parafilia de T. miliaris e as características morfológicas das espécies que coincidam com a diversidade genética conhecida. Encontramos que os clados conhecidos de T. miliaris são linhagens evoluindo separadamente e que os clados conhecidos de T. taophora fazem parte de uma linhagem única. Thoropa miliaris e T. taophora são reciprocamente monofiléticas. Também encontramos que a diversificação desse complexo de espécies parece ter ocorrido muito mais tarde do que havia sido publicado. As espécies do grupo petropolitana possuem algumas diferenças morfológicas externas em adultos e larvas que permite distingui-las do grupo miliaris. Dentro do grupo miliaris é possível distinguir T. megatympanum e T. saxatilis, embora com poucas características diagnósticas. Dentro do complexo T. miliaris + T. taophora, entretanto, não encontramos características morfológicas que coincidam com a diversidade genética conhecida e tampouco pudemos diferenciar as duas espécies válidas. Fizemos também uma revisão taxonômica de T. petropolitana com a designação de um neótipo.
Thoropa Cope, 1865 (Anura: Cycloramphidae) is a frog genus endemic to theAtlantic forest domain and associated ecotones. It comprises six species (T. miliaris, T. petropolitana, T. taophora, T. lutzi, T. megatympanum and T. saxatilis), divided in two morphological groups: petropolitana group (T. petropolitana and T. lutzi) and miliaris group (T. miliaris, T. taophora, T. megatympanum and T. saxatilis). All the species reproduce and develop in freshwater wet rocks that can be found in rock outcrops, waterfalls and streams. A recent study on molecular phylogeny has shown that T. miliaris is paraphyletic in respect to T. taophora and that T. taophora, T. megatympanum and T. saxatilis are monophyletic with high support. This study also found many clades inside each of those species, especially within T. miliaris. Nevertheless, it was not possible to study molecular aspects of the petropolitana group because there is only one DNA sample available for the group. In this work, we studied genetic and morphological aspects of all six species of the genus in order to investigate the molecular diversity found previously, the paraphyly found for T. miliaris, and the species morphological characteristics that coincide with the known genetic diversity. We found that the known clades of T. miliaris are separately evolving lineages and that the clades of T. taophora are part of a whole lineage. Thoropa miliaris and T. taophora are reciprocally monophyletic. We also found that the diversification of this species complex seems to have happened much later than previously known. The species of petropolitana group possesses some external morphological differences in adults and larvae that allow them to be separated from species of the miliaris group. Within miliaris group it is possible to distinguish T. megatympanum and T. saxatilis although with few diagnostic characteristics. Inside the complex T. miliaris + T. taophora, however, we could not find morphological characteristics that coincide with the known genetic diversity, neither we could differentiate the two valid species. We also did a taxonomic review of T. petropolitana with a neotype designation.
Thoropa Cope, 1865 (Anura: Cycloramphidae) is a frog genus endemic to theAtlantic forest domain and associated ecotones. It comprises six species (T. miliaris, T. petropolitana, T. taophora, T. lutzi, T. megatympanum and T. saxatilis), divided in two morphological groups: petropolitana group (T. petropolitana and T. lutzi) and miliaris group (T. miliaris, T. taophora, T. megatympanum and T. saxatilis). All the species reproduce and develop in freshwater wet rocks that can be found in rock outcrops, waterfalls and streams. A recent study on molecular phylogeny has shown that T. miliaris is paraphyletic in respect to T. taophora and that T. taophora, T. megatympanum and T. saxatilis are monophyletic with high support. This study also found many clades inside each of those species, especially within T. miliaris. Nevertheless, it was not possible to study molecular aspects of the petropolitana group because there is only one DNA sample available for the group. In this work, we studied genetic and morphological aspects of all six species of the genus in order to investigate the molecular diversity found previously, the paraphyly found for T. miliaris, and the species morphological characteristics that coincide with the known genetic diversity. We found that the known clades of T. miliaris are separately evolving lineages and that the clades of T. taophora are part of a whole lineage. Thoropa miliaris and T. taophora are reciprocally monophyletic. We also found that the diversification of this species complex seems to have happened much later than previously known. The species of petropolitana group possesses some external morphological differences in adults and larvae that allow them to be separated from species of the miliaris group. Within miliaris group it is possible to distinguish T. megatympanum and T. saxatilis although with few diagnostic characteristics. Inside the complex T. miliaris + T. taophora, however, we could not find morphological characteristics that coincide with the known genetic diversity, neither we could differentiate the two valid species. We also did a taxonomic review of T. petropolitana with a neotype designation.
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Delimitação de espécies, Filogenômica ancorada, Linhagens, Anfíbios, Mata Atlântica, Campo rupestre, Caracteres externos, Anuros adultos, Girinos, Taxonomia, Species delimitation, Anchored phylogenomics, Lineages, Amphibians, Atlantic forest, External characters, Adult anurans, Tadpoles, Taxonomy