Edmundo Campos Coelho e a Tese da Política de Erradicação dos militares no contexto de formação do Estado Nacional brasileiro, 1821-1824
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Data
2019-08-27
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Casa Grande Junior, Dirceu
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
A tese da política de erradicação dos militares pelas elites civis foi elaborada pelo sociólogo mineiro Edmundo Campos Coelho (1939-2001), em seu livro Em busca da identidade: o Exército e a política na sociedade brasileira, publicado originalmente em 1976 e reeditado no ano 2000. Em sua obra, o autor descreveu a trajetória histórica do Exército brasileiro desde a Independência até a Revolução de 1930 para analisar o protagonismo político dos militares e as intervenções armadas na política. A perspectiva de Coelho está baseada no conceito de erradicação, análogo ao desenvolvido pelo cientista político norte-americano, Samuel Huntington, no livro, O soldado e o Estado (1957). Este último, afirmou que, nos Estados Unidos, a impregnabilidade liberal e a Constituição conservadora contribuíram para a neutralização dos militares e do Exército profissional, afastando-os da cena política desde a Revolução até a Segunda Guerra Mundial. Segundo Coelho, o que Huntington chamou de erradicação descreve com propriedade as atitudes básicas e o comportamento da elite política civil em relação ao Exército, manifestando-se nos modos particularmente violentos de neutralização das forças militares regulares no Primeiro Reinado até modalidades mais prudentes, ou dissimuladas, de marginalização e alijamento na República Velha, como, por exemplo, a cooptação política das lideranças militares. Nossa tese contesta frontalmente a hipótese erradicadora. A partir da crítica teórica e historiográfica da tese da política de erradicação e da análise dos debates parlamentares do Primeiro Reinado, propomos uma nova interpretação para o estudo das relações entre civis e militares e do Exército e a política no Brasil Império, com base em três eixos explicativos: (1) a beligerância política e os ritos da conflagração, (2) as guerras e (3) a expansão dos círculos de atribuições dos militares e a negociação das adesões. É a partir dessas três dimensões que compreendemos a política imperial para afirmar que o Exército e os militares ocuparam posições centrais e contribuíram de modo singular para a Independência e a consolidação do Império no contexto de formação do Estado brasileiro, entre 1821 e 1824. Para fundamentar nossas proposições, baseamo-nos na historiografia sobre o período e a análise de documentos como as Atas do Conselho de Estado, os Diários da Assembleia Geral Constituinte de 1823, as Falas do Trono e as Leis e Decisões do Império.
The military Eradication Policy Theory from the civilian elite was drafted by the sociologist from Minas Gerais Edmundo Campos Coelho (1939-2001), in his book published originally in 1976 and reissued in 2000 entitled In pursuit of identity: the army and politics in the Brazilian society. In that book, the author analyzed the military political protagonism and the interventions in politics describing the Brazilian Army historical trajectory since the Independence until the 1930’s Revolution. Coelho’s perspective is based on an analog concept developed by the American political scientist Samuel Huntington, in the book called The soldier and the State (1957). The author affirms that in the United States the liberal impregnability and the Conservative Constitution contributed to the professional Army neutralization, which was put away from the political scene, since the Revolution until the Second World War. According to Coelho, what Huntington called eradication describes properly the basic attitudes and the civil political behavior in relation to the Army. It happens from particularly violent modes of neutralization of regular military forces in the First Reign to more prudent ways of marginalization and dumping in the Old Republic, such as the co-optation of military leadership. Our thesis frontally contests the eradicating hypothesis. Based on the theoretical and historiographical critique of the eradication policy theory, we propose a new interpretation for the study of relations between civilians and military and the Army in politics in Brazil Empire. That interpretation is supported by three explanatory points, which are: (1) the political belligerence and the rites of conflagration, (2) the wars and (3) the expansion of military assignment circles and the negotiation of accessions. We interpret the imperial politics from those three points to affirm that the Army and militaries occupied central positions and contributed singularly to the Independence of Brazil. Beyond that, they had influence in the Empire consolidation in the State formation context, between 1821 and 1824. In order to explain our propositions, we have a base on the historiography about the term and the documental analysis such as the Acts of the Council of State, the Diaries of the Constituent Assembly of 1823, the Speeches of the Throne and the Laws and Decisions of the Empire.
The military Eradication Policy Theory from the civilian elite was drafted by the sociologist from Minas Gerais Edmundo Campos Coelho (1939-2001), in his book published originally in 1976 and reissued in 2000 entitled In pursuit of identity: the army and politics in the Brazilian society. In that book, the author analyzed the military political protagonism and the interventions in politics describing the Brazilian Army historical trajectory since the Independence until the 1930’s Revolution. Coelho’s perspective is based on an analog concept developed by the American political scientist Samuel Huntington, in the book called The soldier and the State (1957). The author affirms that in the United States the liberal impregnability and the Conservative Constitution contributed to the professional Army neutralization, which was put away from the political scene, since the Revolution until the Second World War. According to Coelho, what Huntington called eradication describes properly the basic attitudes and the civil political behavior in relation to the Army. It happens from particularly violent modes of neutralization of regular military forces in the First Reign to more prudent ways of marginalization and dumping in the Old Republic, such as the co-optation of military leadership. Our thesis frontally contests the eradicating hypothesis. Based on the theoretical and historiographical critique of the eradication policy theory, we propose a new interpretation for the study of relations between civilians and military and the Army in politics in Brazil Empire. That interpretation is supported by three explanatory points, which are: (1) the political belligerence and the rites of conflagration, (2) the wars and (3) the expansion of military assignment circles and the negotiation of accessions. We interpret the imperial politics from those three points to affirm that the Army and militaries occupied central positions and contributed singularly to the Independence of Brazil. Beyond that, they had influence in the Empire consolidation in the State formation context, between 1821 and 1824. In order to explain our propositions, we have a base on the historiography about the term and the documental analysis such as the Acts of the Council of State, the Diaries of the Constituent Assembly of 1823, the Speeches of the Throne and the Laws and Decisions of the Empire.
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Brasil, Independência, Exército, Política, Militarismo