Militância e ativismo: cinco ensaios sobre ação coletiva e subjetividade
Data
2019-09-06
Autores
Sales, André Luis Leite de Figueirêdo
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Editor
Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
O ciclo de protestos iniciado no Brasil em Junho de 2013 trouxe à cena pública o debate sobre movimentos sociais e ações coletivas. A perda da relevância dos sindicatos e partidos políticos na articulação e condução dos eventos chamou atenção de cidadãos e pesquisadores. Esta pesquisa endereça essa, e outras perguntas, partindo das disputas de sentido envolvendo os termos ‘militância’ e ‘ativismo’. Através de uma revisão narrativa de literatura sobre os sentidos da palavra militância nos artigos científicos publicados no Brasil entre 1980 e 2015, definiu-se o termo como metodologia para interferir/intervir nas normas sociais. Essa definição ressalta o que há de comum entre os fenômenos agrupados sob os dois termos e possibilita propor investigações sobre aquilo que há de diferente entre eles. Os conceitos de repertório, estratégia e instituição são sugeridos para escrutinar os sentidos presentes nas palavras. Esse último é usado para explicitar as relações entre mudanças macrossociais e a subjetividade de militantes e ativistas. A tese responde a seguinte questão: como as diretrizes que ancoram e organizam as estratégias militante e ativista modulam os processos de subjetivação de militantes e ativistas? A investigação foi realizada através dos seguintes procedimentos: a) estudo orientado das principais teorias sobre ação coletiva na literatura sociológica brasileira, europeia e norte-americana; b) proposição de modelo teórico para explorar as diferenças de sentido entre os termos; c) uso do modelo para investigar as diferenças nas metodologias e suas implicações subjetivas; d) apresentação, debate, validação e revisão dos resultados obtidos com grupos de especialistas em São Paulo, Nova Iorque e Toronto. A tese é composta por uma sessão de introdução, outra de conclusão, cinco ensaios teóricos. As conclusões indicam que diferentes estratégias criam distintos ambientes nos quais os sujeitos são socializados, sendo este um elemento crucial para explicar as diferenças nos modos de subjetivação. O ambiente militante tende a valorizar disciplina, centralização dos processos organizacionais e heteronomia, enquanto o ativista incentiva experimentação, horizontalidade e autonomia. Essas condições ambientais tendem a produzir em militantes uma moralidade severa, a qual, muitas vezes, produz comportamentos enrijecidos e até intolerantes, e em ativistas éticas relacionais, passíveis de mudança de acordo com os contextos locais e alinhada aos valores e modos de vida instáveis dos dias atuais. Os resultados obtidos até aqui contrariam a ideia de que a militância seria uma metodologia inferior ao ativismo. Associar a primeira com posições políticas exclusivamente à esquerda e última com posicionamentos à direita, também não é uma conclusão possível. Qualificar nosso entendimento sobre as metodologias usadas pelos movimentos sociais, e as consequências subjetivas delas decorrentes, é fundamental para compreender as formas de ação coletiva juvenis contemporâneas.
The Brazilian protest cycle triggered in 2013 brought the debate about social movement and collective action to the center of the public scene. The decreasing relevance of trade unions and political parties in this process made researchers and citizens aware that something had changed in Brazilian civil society. This research addresses these issues using as a starting point the symbolic disputes connected to the words militância and ativismo. Having revised the scientific articles published from 1980 and 2015, with the aim of understanding how Brazilian researchers used the word militância, it was possible to define theterm as a methodology to intervene in the current social norms. This definition highlights the shared meanings of militância and ativismo and sets the path to scrutinize the differences between them. Three concepts are suggested with which to critically examine these differences: repertoire, strategy and institution. The last notion allows one to explore the relations between macro social changes and the militant and activist subjectivities. The question guiding this dissertation is: how do the guidelines anchoring and organizing the militant and activist strategies modulate militant and activists subjectivity? The research was conducted. through the following procedures: a) literature review of main psychological and sociological theories about social movement and protest in the Brazilian, European and North American traditions; b) construction of a theoretical model to distinguish the two methods under investigation and to examine the subjective effects exerted by them on "militantes" and "ativistas"; c) development of theoretical essays using the model; d) validation of the results achieved through discussion with prominent research groups in São Paulo, New York and Toronto.The dissertation is composed of an introductory and a conclusive sections, as well as five essays. The conclusions suggest that each method creates a specific kind of socialization environment - being this a crucial aspect to understand the contrast between militantes and ativistas. Militante milieus are inclined to prize strict disciplinary procedures, centralized decision process, and heteronomy. In contrast, ativista milieus attach great importance to experimentation, decentralized decision process, and autonomy. Under these distinct environmental conditions militantes are more prone to develop a harsh morality, which increases the odds of intolerant behaviors and radical positions. On the other hand, ativistas are mainly oriented by relational ethical principles, which can be more easily adjusted to the current circumstances. The results speak against any absolute superiority of one method in contrast to the other, as the suitability can only be assessed can only be assessed by taking into account the goals pursued by the movement. They also make impossible to conclude that one belongs exclusively to left-wing political supporters and the other to the right ones. However, they do qualify the understanding of contemporaneous forms of youth protest which are popping up worldwide.
The Brazilian protest cycle triggered in 2013 brought the debate about social movement and collective action to the center of the public scene. The decreasing relevance of trade unions and political parties in this process made researchers and citizens aware that something had changed in Brazilian civil society. This research addresses these issues using as a starting point the symbolic disputes connected to the words militância and ativismo. Having revised the scientific articles published from 1980 and 2015, with the aim of understanding how Brazilian researchers used the word militância, it was possible to define theterm as a methodology to intervene in the current social norms. This definition highlights the shared meanings of militância and ativismo and sets the path to scrutinize the differences between them. Three concepts are suggested with which to critically examine these differences: repertoire, strategy and institution. The last notion allows one to explore the relations between macro social changes and the militant and activist subjectivities. The question guiding this dissertation is: how do the guidelines anchoring and organizing the militant and activist strategies modulate militant and activists subjectivity? The research was conducted. through the following procedures: a) literature review of main psychological and sociological theories about social movement and protest in the Brazilian, European and North American traditions; b) construction of a theoretical model to distinguish the two methods under investigation and to examine the subjective effects exerted by them on "militantes" and "ativistas"; c) development of theoretical essays using the model; d) validation of the results achieved through discussion with prominent research groups in São Paulo, New York and Toronto.The dissertation is composed of an introductory and a conclusive sections, as well as five essays. The conclusions suggest that each method creates a specific kind of socialization environment - being this a crucial aspect to understand the contrast between militantes and ativistas. Militante milieus are inclined to prize strict disciplinary procedures, centralized decision process, and heteronomy. In contrast, ativista milieus attach great importance to experimentation, decentralized decision process, and autonomy. Under these distinct environmental conditions militantes are more prone to develop a harsh morality, which increases the odds of intolerant behaviors and radical positions. On the other hand, ativistas are mainly oriented by relational ethical principles, which can be more easily adjusted to the current circumstances. The results speak against any absolute superiority of one method in contrast to the other, as the suitability can only be assessed can only be assessed by taking into account the goals pursued by the movement. They also make impossible to conclude that one belongs exclusively to left-wing political supporters and the other to the right ones. However, they do qualify the understanding of contemporaneous forms of youth protest which are popping up worldwide.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Militância, Ativismo, Subjetividade, Repertórios, Estratégias, Activism, Subjectivity, Rertoire, Strategy