Eco-epidemiologia e dinâmica espaço-temporal da hantavirose com contribuições para geração e uso de dados abertos
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Data
2019-11-26
Autores
Muylaert, Renata de Lara [UNESP]
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
Os hantavírus provocam doenças de alta letalidade e já foram alvo de diversas propostas de investigação. Com o avanço da tecnologia, da Ciência e dos movimentos Open, trabalhar com um volume massivo de dados é muito mais possível hoje do que 20 anos atrás. Há uma demanda por estudos que possam sumarizar, disponibilizar e avaliar o papel da biodiversidade em processos de difusão de doenças zoonóticas. Nesta tese, que se iniciou como um entendimento da extensão e distribuição da biodiversidade da Mata Atlântica, busquei compreender a patogeografia da hantavirose. A dinâmica da infecção por hantavirose pode depender de diversos fatores interagindo, como clima e paisagem, bem como a distribuição de populações de roedores hospedeiros. No primeiro capítulo eu apresento a iniciativa ATLANTIC que permite livre acesso a dados de biodiversidade. No segundo capítulo eu busco compreender a extensão espacial da Mata Atlântica e levantar a discussão sobre áreas para delimitação de estudos ecológicos, um aspecto essencial para se investigar patogeografia. No terceiro capítulo busco entender os fatores que melhor explicam a variação na proporção de roedores de espécies potencialmente reservatório de tipos letais de hantavírus encontrados na Mata Atlântica. Neste capítulo também exploro a ideia de hotspots de vulnerabilidade à doença em humanos. No quarto capítulo, investiguei as consequências da alteração da paisagem na incidência de hantavirose no Brasil, gerando mapas de risco a partir de dados abertos ou públicos. Os resultados aqui encontrados mostram que: a) iniciativas de open data levaram a mobilização de grandes grupos que sumarizaram mais de 100 anos de dados sobre a biodiversidade da Mata Atlântica em menos de quatro anos, beneficiando a ciência e a aplicação do conhecimento científico para medidas de conservação da biodiversidade; b) é preciso discutir amplamente a delimitação de uma área de investigação, pois dependendo do limite adotado a Mata Atlântica pode ter meio milhão de km2 a mais ou a menos. c) espécies de roedores relevantes para a hantavirose tendem a ser capturados até em amostragens de baixo esforço, em áreas de alta heterogeneidade da paisagem, tipicamente agrícolas e com níveis amenos de pluviosidade. As comunidades de hospedeiros de hantavírus patogênicos na Mata Atlântica é influenciada por distúrbios antrópicos que aumentam a diversidade de cultivos agrícolas (heterogeneidade espacial) em detrimento da redução de áreas florestais (<20% de floresta na paisagem); d) Áreas de risco foram mais relevantes em municípios do Cerrado e Mata Atlântica, e o mecanismo para isso é a maior presença de roedores reservatório, associada a uma grande população de trabalhadores rurais e monoculturas em contato com uma quantidade substancial de áreas de vegetação nativa. Ressalta-se a importância de averiguar as hipóteses de amplificação e diluição para a hantavirose nesses locais, que são alvos da expansão e intensificação agrícola, bem como medidas de controle e prevenção da doença.
Hantaviruses cause diseases with high lethality and have been the target of several research proposals. With the advancement of technology, science, and Open movements, working with massive data is much more possible today than it was 20 years ago. There is a demand for studies that can summarize, make available and evaluate the role of biodiversity in processes of diffusion of zoonotic diseases. In this thesis, which began as an understanding of the extent and distribution of Atlantic Forest biodiversity, I aimed to understand the dynamics and eco-epidemiology of hantavirus. The dynamics of hantavirus infection may depend on several interacting factors such as climate and landscape, as well as the distribution of host rodent populations. In the first chapter I introduce the ATLANTIC initiative that allows free access to biodiversity data, which I have participated in intensely. In the second chapter I seek to understand the spatial extent of the Atlantic Forest and to raise the discussion about delimiting areas of ecological studies, an essential aspect to investigate pathogeography. In the third chapter I seek to understand the drivers that best explain the variation in the proportion of rodents of potentially reservoir species of lethal types of hantavirus found in the Atlantic Forest. In this chapter I also explore the idea of disease vulnerability hotspots in humans. In the fourth and final chapter, I investigated the consequences of landscape change on the incidence of hantavirus in Brazil, generating risk maps from open or public data. The results found here show that: a) individual open data initiatives led to the mobilization of large groups that summarized more than 100 years of data on Atlantic Forest biodiversity in less than four years, benefiting science and the application of scientific knowledge to biodiversity conservation measures; b) It is necessary to discuss the delimitation of an area of investigation, because depending on the limit adopted the Atlantic Forest may be half a million km2. c) rodent species relevant to hantavirus tend to be captured even in low effort samples, in areas of high landscape heterogeneity, typically agricultural and with mild rainfall levels. Pathogenic hantavirus host communities in the Atlantic Forest are influenced by anthropogenic disturbances that increase crop diversity (landscape heterogeneity) to the detriment of reduced forest areas (less than 20% forest in the landscape); d) Hazardous areas were most relevant in Cerrado and Atlantic Forest municipalities, and the mechanism for this is the greater presence of reservoir rodents, associated with a large population of rural workers and monocultures in contact with a substantial amount of native vegetation areas. The importance of investigating the hypotheses of amplification and dilution for hantavirus in these places, which are targets of agricultural expansion and intensification, as well as control and prevention measures of the disease, is emphasized.
Hantaviruses cause diseases with high lethality and have been the target of several research proposals. With the advancement of technology, science, and Open movements, working with massive data is much more possible today than it was 20 years ago. There is a demand for studies that can summarize, make available and evaluate the role of biodiversity in processes of diffusion of zoonotic diseases. In this thesis, which began as an understanding of the extent and distribution of Atlantic Forest biodiversity, I aimed to understand the dynamics and eco-epidemiology of hantavirus. The dynamics of hantavirus infection may depend on several interacting factors such as climate and landscape, as well as the distribution of host rodent populations. In the first chapter I introduce the ATLANTIC initiative that allows free access to biodiversity data, which I have participated in intensely. In the second chapter I seek to understand the spatial extent of the Atlantic Forest and to raise the discussion about delimiting areas of ecological studies, an essential aspect to investigate pathogeography. In the third chapter I seek to understand the drivers that best explain the variation in the proportion of rodents of potentially reservoir species of lethal types of hantavirus found in the Atlantic Forest. In this chapter I also explore the idea of disease vulnerability hotspots in humans. In the fourth and final chapter, I investigated the consequences of landscape change on the incidence of hantavirus in Brazil, generating risk maps from open or public data. The results found here show that: a) individual open data initiatives led to the mobilization of large groups that summarized more than 100 years of data on Atlantic Forest biodiversity in less than four years, benefiting science and the application of scientific knowledge to biodiversity conservation measures; b) It is necessary to discuss the delimitation of an area of investigation, because depending on the limit adopted the Atlantic Forest may be half a million km2. c) rodent species relevant to hantavirus tend to be captured even in low effort samples, in areas of high landscape heterogeneity, typically agricultural and with mild rainfall levels. Pathogenic hantavirus host communities in the Atlantic Forest are influenced by anthropogenic disturbances that increase crop diversity (landscape heterogeneity) to the detriment of reduced forest areas (less than 20% forest in the landscape); d) Hazardous areas were most relevant in Cerrado and Atlantic Forest municipalities, and the mechanism for this is the greater presence of reservoir rodents, associated with a large population of rural workers and monocultures in contact with a substantial amount of native vegetation areas. The importance of investigating the hypotheses of amplification and dilution for hantavirus in these places, which are targets of agricultural expansion and intensification, as well as control and prevention measures of the disease, is emphasized.
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Palavras-chave
Disease ecology, Landscape ecology, Biodiversity, Open data, Mammalia, INLA, Ecologia de doenças, Ecologia da paisagem, Biodiversidade