Gerenciamento de embalagens vazias de agrotóxicos no Pontal do Paranapanema: estudo a partir do assentamento rural São Bento, Mirante do Paranapanema, São Paulo, Brasil
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Data
2019-10-08
Autores
Martins, Francielle Garcia [UNESP]
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
A partir da Revolução Verde, o modelo agrário-exportador se consolida no Brasil, tornando-o um dos maiores consumidores mundiais de agrotóxicos. Substâncias estas relacionadas à degradação ambiental e à suscetibilidade de populações às intoxicações e variadas doenças. Dessa forma, os agrotóxicos geram, como mais um impacto ambiental potencial, as embalagens vazias de agrotóxicos. Tais embalagens, de acordo com a Lei 9.974 de 2000, devem ter destinação final ambientalmente adequada a partir da logística reversa que é gerenciada pelo Instituto Nacional de Processamento de Embalagens Vazias (inpEV), formado, entre outros, por fabricantes de agrotóxicos. De acordo com o inpEV, 94% das embalagens vazias de agrotóxicos geradas tem destinação final adequada, seja por meio da reciclagem ou incineração. Porém, o sistema e estrutura gerido pelo inpEV facilita a devolução de embalagens vazias de agrotóxicos de produtores rurais capitalizados, tendo o pequeno agricultor familiar maiores dificuldades para a devolução das mesmas. Nesse sentido, a presente dissertação de Mestrado tem como objetivo principal analisar o gerenciamento de embalagens vazias de agrotóxicos e dificuldades enfrentadas por agricultores familiares para a devolução na região do Pontal do Paranapanema, a partir do estudo de caso junto a produtores rurais no assentamento rural São Bento, composto por 182 lotes, no município de Mirante do Paranapanema. Para tanto, realizou-se trabalhos de campo em unidades de recebimento de Paraguaçu Paulista, Bilac e Adamantina; em revendedoras de agrotóxicos em Presidente Prudente e Álvares Machado; na Secretaria de Meio Ambiente de Mirante do Paranapanema; no assentamento rural São Bento, em Mirante do Paranapanema, em que se atingiu amostra de 11% dos assentados. Roteiros de entrevistas foram elaborados e as mesmas foram desenvolvidas junto a esses atores. A partir das entrevistas e tabulação dos dados e informações, pôde-se constatar que 75% dos agricultores não realizam a devolução das embalagens e 73% deles queimam as mesmas. Esse cenário é explicado pela ausência de ações dos agentes regionais responsáveis pela logística reversa das embalagens, bem como do inpEV. Portanto, ações mais incisivas precisam ser direcionadas aos pequenos agricultores familiares, para que os mesmos não estejam expostos aos riscos e impactos que o descarte inadequado de embalagens vazias de agrotóxicos pode causar.
Since the Green Revolution, the agricultural export model was consolidated in Brazil, making it one of the largest world consumers of pesticides. These substances are related to environmental degradation and the populations susceptibility to intoxications and various diseases. Thus, pesticides, as another potential environmental impact, generate empty pesticide packaging. Such packaging, according to Brazilian Law 9.974 of 2000, must have an environmentally appropriate final destination based on the reverse logistics that is managed by the National Institute for the Processing of Empty Packaging, formed, among others, by pesticide manufacturers. According to inpEV, 94% of the empty pesticide packaging generated has an appropriate final destination, either through recycling or incineration. However, the system and structure managed by inpEV facilitates the return of empty pesticide packaging from capitalized rural producers, with small family farmers having greater difficulties in returning them. In this sense, the main objective of this Master's thesis is to analyze the management of empty pesticide packaging and the difficulties faced by family farmers to return it in the Pontal do Paranapanema region, from the case study with rural producers in the São Bento rural settlement, consisting of 182 lots, in the municipality of Mirante do Paranapanema. To this end, fieldwork was carried out in receiving units in Paraguaçu Paulista, Bilac and Adamantina; in pesticide dealers in Presidente Prudente and Álvares Machado; at the Environmental Secretariat of Mirante do Paranapanema; in the São Bento rural settlement, in Mirante do Paranapanema, where a sample of 11% of the settlers was reached. Interview scripts were developed and they were developed with these actors. From the interviews and data and information tabulation, it was found that 75% of farmers do not return the packages and 73% of them burn it. This scenario is explained by the lack of actions by the regional agents responsible for reverse packaging logistics, as well as inpEV. Therefore, more incisive actions need to be directed to small family farmers, so that they are not exposed to the risks and impacts that the inappropriate disposal of empty pesticide packaging can cause.
Since the Green Revolution, the agricultural export model was consolidated in Brazil, making it one of the largest world consumers of pesticides. These substances are related to environmental degradation and the populations susceptibility to intoxications and various diseases. Thus, pesticides, as another potential environmental impact, generate empty pesticide packaging. Such packaging, according to Brazilian Law 9.974 of 2000, must have an environmentally appropriate final destination based on the reverse logistics that is managed by the National Institute for the Processing of Empty Packaging, formed, among others, by pesticide manufacturers. According to inpEV, 94% of the empty pesticide packaging generated has an appropriate final destination, either through recycling or incineration. However, the system and structure managed by inpEV facilitates the return of empty pesticide packaging from capitalized rural producers, with small family farmers having greater difficulties in returning them. In this sense, the main objective of this Master's thesis is to analyze the management of empty pesticide packaging and the difficulties faced by family farmers to return it in the Pontal do Paranapanema region, from the case study with rural producers in the São Bento rural settlement, consisting of 182 lots, in the municipality of Mirante do Paranapanema. To this end, fieldwork was carried out in receiving units in Paraguaçu Paulista, Bilac and Adamantina; in pesticide dealers in Presidente Prudente and Álvares Machado; at the Environmental Secretariat of Mirante do Paranapanema; in the São Bento rural settlement, in Mirante do Paranapanema, where a sample of 11% of the settlers was reached. Interview scripts were developed and they were developed with these actors. From the interviews and data and information tabulation, it was found that 75% of farmers do not return the packages and 73% of them burn it. This scenario is explained by the lack of actions by the regional agents responsible for reverse packaging logistics, as well as inpEV. Therefore, more incisive actions need to be directed to small family farmers, so that they are not exposed to the risks and impacts that the inappropriate disposal of empty pesticide packaging can cause.
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Palavras-chave
Agrotóxicos, Logística reversa, Embalagens vazias de agrotóxicos, Agricultores familiares, Assentamento rural São Bento, Pesticides, Reverse logistic, Empty packaging of pesticides, Family farmers, São Bento rural settlement