Instrumento para avaliar a qualidade espacial de praças: estudo em praças de áreas centrais
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Data
2020-03-31
Autores
Silva, Renata Braga Aguilar da
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Editor
Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
A praça tem um significado importante na história das cidades brasileiras, pois reflete a cultura e os costumes da sociedade ao longo dos anos. Como elemento de convívio e de integração do espaço urbano, deve promover o encontro, a diversidade e a circulação segura e eficiente. Formada por elementos morfológicos e aspectos positivos e negativos, os diferentes tipos de configuração espacial e composição podem influenciar na qualidade espacial e permanência dos usuários nesse local. Entender como esses elementos são percebidos tanto por pesquisadores quanto pelos usuários pode ser o primeiro passo para identificar quais elementos físicos e morfológicos podem contribuir, ou não, para a escolha dos usuários em permanecer e usufruir desse local. Neste contexto, o objetivo desta pesquisa é propor um instrumento para avaliar a qualidade espacial de praças, a partir dos elementos físicos e morfológicos que compõe quatro planos bidimensionais da praça e de seu entorno imediato (praça, calçada, rua e fachada) e que envolvem os usuários no espaço público. A metodologia consiste na aplicação de multimétodos, sendo o instrumento composto por quatro fases de avaliação: (i) análise dos aspectos físicos dos planos bidimensionais que envolvem os usuários (praça, calçada, rua e fachada), por meio de indicadores de desempenho e um índice denominado Índice de Qualidade Espacial de Praças (IQEP); (ii) análise da influência da forma, dos aspectos e elementos morfológicos da praça e de seu entorno imediato relacionados a legibilidade espacial (desempenho topoceptivo); (iii) identificação dos principais usos, comportamentos e atividades a partir observações (mapa comportamental); e, (iv) identificação do nível de satisfação dos usuários em relação a utilização do espaço da praça e de seu entorno. O instrumento foi aplicado nas praças centrais das cidades de Tupã – SP e Paraguaçu Paulista – SP, cidades de pequeno porte, com grande fluxo de pedestre, com diferentes tipos de atividades e objetivos. Os resultados apontam para a efetividade do instrumento em identificar os problemas enfrentados por usuários em espaços públicos como ausência de equipamentos de lazer, mobiliário urbano - bebedouros, sinalizações e informações mínimas para os pedestres. Os resultados obtidos na aplicação desse instrumento induzem a uma reflexão crítica sobre o tipo de praça que está sendo projetada e implantada nas cidades brasileiras. A aplicação do instrumento proposto mostrou que ele permite que gestores municipais possam identificar pontualmente os problemas urbanos associados ao espaço público, propor e implementar soluções a curto e médio prazo, a fim de melhorar a qualidade espacial destes ambientes.
The square has an important significance in the history of Brazilian cities because it reflects the culture and customs of the society over the years. As an element of relief and integration of the urban space, it must promote meeting, diversity, safe and efficient circulation. Formed by morphological elements and positive and negative aspects, the different types of spatial configuration and composition can influence the spatial quality and permanence of users in that location. Understanding how these elements are perceived by both researchers and users can be the first step in identifying which physical and morphological elements may or may not contribute to the users' choice to stay and enjoy this place. In this context, the objective of this research is to propose an instrument to assess the spatial quality of the squares, from the physical and morphological elements that make up four two-dimensional planes of the square and its immediate surroundings (square, sidewalk, street and facade) and that involve users in the public space. The methodology consists of the application of multimethod, being the instrument composed of four evaluation phases : (i) analysis of the physical aspects of two-dimensional plans that involve users (square, sidewalk, street and façade), through performance indicators and an index called the Spatial Quality Square Index (in Portuguese Índice de Qualidade Espacial de Praças - IQEP); (ii) analysis of the influence of shape, aspects and morphological elements of the square and its immediate surroundings related to spatial legibility (topoceptive performance); (iii) identification of the main uses, applications and activities based on the behavioral map; and, (iv) identification of the level of user satisfaction in relation to the use of the space in the square and its surroundings. The instrument was applied in the central areas of the cities Tupã - SP and Paraguaçu Paulista - SP, small cities, with a large flow of pedestrians, with different types of activities and objectives. The results point to the effectiveness of the instrument to identify the problems faced by users in public of leisure equipment, urban furniture - drinking fountains, signs, and minimal information for pedestrians. The results obtained in the application of this instrument lead to a critical reflection on the type of square that is being designed and implemented in Brazilian cities. The application of the proposed instrument showed that it allows municipal managers to spaces as the absence identify the urban problems associated with the public space, propose and implement solutions in the short and medium term, in order to improve the spatial quality of these environments.
The square has an important significance in the history of Brazilian cities because it reflects the culture and customs of the society over the years. As an element of relief and integration of the urban space, it must promote meeting, diversity, safe and efficient circulation. Formed by morphological elements and positive and negative aspects, the different types of spatial configuration and composition can influence the spatial quality and permanence of users in that location. Understanding how these elements are perceived by both researchers and users can be the first step in identifying which physical and morphological elements may or may not contribute to the users' choice to stay and enjoy this place. In this context, the objective of this research is to propose an instrument to assess the spatial quality of the squares, from the physical and morphological elements that make up four two-dimensional planes of the square and its immediate surroundings (square, sidewalk, street and facade) and that involve users in the public space. The methodology consists of the application of multimethod, being the instrument composed of four evaluation phases : (i) analysis of the physical aspects of two-dimensional plans that involve users (square, sidewalk, street and façade), through performance indicators and an index called the Spatial Quality Square Index (in Portuguese Índice de Qualidade Espacial de Praças - IQEP); (ii) analysis of the influence of shape, aspects and morphological elements of the square and its immediate surroundings related to spatial legibility (topoceptive performance); (iii) identification of the main uses, applications and activities based on the behavioral map; and, (iv) identification of the level of user satisfaction in relation to the use of the space in the square and its surroundings. The instrument was applied in the central areas of the cities Tupã - SP and Paraguaçu Paulista - SP, small cities, with a large flow of pedestrians, with different types of activities and objectives. The results point to the effectiveness of the instrument to identify the problems faced by users in public of leisure equipment, urban furniture - drinking fountains, signs, and minimal information for pedestrians. The results obtained in the application of this instrument lead to a critical reflection on the type of square that is being designed and implemented in Brazilian cities. The application of the proposed instrument showed that it allows municipal managers to spaces as the absence identify the urban problems associated with the public space, propose and implement solutions in the short and medium term, in order to improve the spatial quality of these environments.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Praças centrais, Espaço público, Qualidade espacial, Indicadores de desempenho, Desempenho topoceptivo, Central squares, Public space, Spatial quality, Performance indicators, Topoceptive performance