Caracterização e seleção de linhagens avançadas de pimenta do grupo Habanero (Capsicum chinense) para lançamento como novas cultivares
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Data
2020-05-19
Autores
Soares, Renato Silva [UNESP]
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
A pimenta denominada Habanero constitui um grupo, dentro da espécie C. chinense, com elevada diversidade quanto às características relacionadas à parte vegetativa, folhas, flores e, principalmente, frutos. Além disso, a pimenta do grupo Habanero apresenta importantes compostos bioquímicos, benéficos para saúde humana. Atualmente, observa-se uma alta demanda por esse tipo de pimenta pelo mercado nacional e também internacional. No entanto, poucas cultivares adaptadas às condições edafoclimáticas e com resistência aos principais patógenos estão disponíveis no Brasil. Visando explorar a diversidade da pimenta Habanero e disponibilizar novas cultivares ao mercado nacional, a Embrapa Hortaliças iniciou um programa de melhoramento genético que desenvolveu uma população base de pimenta Habanero de ampla variabilidade genética, a partir de intercruzamentos de acessos contrastantes morfologicamente e posteriores ciclos de seleção. A partir desse programa de melhoramento foi possível obter três linhagens endogâmicas. Para assegurar o direito de propriedade intelectual aos melhoristas e disponibilizar as novas cultivares ao produtor é necessária a comprovação de novidade, distinguibilidade, homogeneidade e estabilidade a partir de ensaios de DHE, seguindo as normas do Serviço Nacional de Proteção de Cultivares do Ministério da Agricultura Pecuária e Abastecimento (SNPC/MAPA). Assim, a presente tese objetivou: 1) avaliar a variabilidade genética presente na população base, bem como nos acessos genitores de pimenta Habanero, por meio de descritores morfológicos e marcadores microssatélites; 2) avaliar a reação de linhagens avançadas de pimenta Habanero aos patógenos: Ralstonia pseudosolanacearum (Rp), Phytophthora capsici (Pc), Meloidogyne (M. incognita raça 1- Mi, M. javanica – Mj e M. enterolobii – Me), Xanthomonas euvesicatoria (Xe) e os vírus Potato virus Y (PVY); Pepper yellow mosaic virus (PepYMV) e Pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV); 3) caracterizar morfoagronômica e físico-bioquimicamente novas linhagens de pimenta Habanero cultivadas em diferentes ambientes e investigar a interação genótipo x ambiente, visando fornecer subsídios para o processo de registro de novas cultivares e posterior lançamento e 4) caracterizar as linhagens endogâmicas avançadas através do teste de DHE, bem como através de marcadores microssatélites visando obter informações para o processo de proteção e lançamento de novas cultivares. Para o estudo da variabilidade genética, 30 acessos genitores e 144 plantas da população base foram avaliados quanto a 45 descritores morfológicos e 26 primers microssatélites. A variabilidade genética foi estimada através das matrizes de distâncias genéticas. As análises de agrupamento foram realizadas por meio de dendrogramas, utilizando-se como critério de agrupamento o método UPGMA. As linhagens avançadas CNPH 15.737, CNPH 15.740, CNPH 15.744, CNPH 15.745, CNPH 15.749 e CNPH 15.750 foram inoculadas com três isolados de Rp e um isolado de cada um dos seguintes patógenos: Pc, Mi, Mj, Me, Xe, PVY, PepYMV e PMMoV. Foram avaliados a área abaixo da curva de progresso da doença (AACPD) e incidência para Pc, Rp, Xe, PVY, PepYMV e PMMoV; índice de severidade viii para Rp e Xe e os parâmetros nematológicos: índice de massa de ovo (IMO), índice de galhas (IG), número total de ovos e juvenis (NTOJ), fator de reprodução (FR) e índice de reprodução (IR) para as espécies de nematoides de galhas. Para a caracterização morfoagronômica e físico-bioquimica, três linhagens avançadas (CNPH 15.740, CNPH 15.744 e CNPH 15.749) e duas cultivares comerciais testemunhas (BRS Nandaia e BRS Juruti) foram cultivadas em três diferentes ambientes, dois em campo aberto e um em ambiente protegido. A caracterização baseou-se em nove caracteres morfoagronômicas, oito físico-bioquímicos e incidência das cinco principais viroses em plantas cultivadas em campo aberto. Por fim, as linhagens CNPH 15.740; CNPH 15.744 e CNPH 15.749 e as testemunhas CNPH 4215, CNPH 4159, BRS Juruti e BRS Nandaia foram avaliadas em dois testes de DHE (2018 e 2019) utilizando 48 descritores morfológicos multicategóricos e 11 primers microssatélites. Foi observada elevada variabilidade genética entre os acessos genitores e entre as plantas da população base através dos descritores morfológicos e marcadores SSR, representando uma importante fonte de recursos genéticos para o atual e também para os futuros programas de melhoramento genético de pimenta Habanero da Embrapa Hortaliças. CNPH 15.737 e CNPH 15.740 mostraram-se altamente resistente aos isolados de Rp, a PVY e a Mj. As linhagens também apresentaram nível moderado de resistência a Pc e a Mi pelo índice de reprodução. CNPH 15.749 apresentou alta resistência a PVY, Mj e resistência moderada ao isolado de Pc e a Me. Pelo índice de reprodução, a linhagem CNPH 15.749 mostrou – se resistente a Mi. CNPH 15.744 apresentou resistência a Mi. CNPH 15.750 foi considerada moderadamente resistente a Xe. As três novas linhagens apresentaram características importantes e desejáveis, como alta produtividade, tamanho adequado de plantas (100.0–150.0 cm) e qualidade superior de frutos em ambiente protegido (CNPH 15744); potencial de cultivo em campo aberto com alto rendimento (35.0 a 40.0 t ha−1; CNPH 15.749 e CNPH 15.740) e superioridade nas características dos frutos, menor acidez titulável total (15– 22%) e ausência Potato virus Y (CNPH 15.740). As linhagens CNPH 15.740 e CNPH 15.744 foram distintas entre si e entre as testemunhas para os parâmetros morfológicos, agronômicos e marcadores microssatélites, bem como homogêneas e estáveis nos dois ensaios de DHE. As linhagens CNPH 15.740 e CNPH 15.744 são candidatas promissoras ao processo de proteção de cultivares, bem como apresentam potencial para serem lançadas como novas cultivares para o mercado brasileiro de pimentas.
The Habanero peppers compose a group, within the species C. chinense, that present high morphological variability. In addition, the Habanero pepper has important biochemical compounds, beneficial for human health. Currently, there is a high demand for this type of pepper in the national and international markets. However, there are few cultivars adapted to Brazilian climatic conditions as well as resistant to major pathogens. In order to explore the diversity of Habanero peppers and release new cultivars to the national market, Embrapa Hortaliças developed a breeding program (from intercrosses of contrasting accessions and subsequent selection cycles) aiming to establish a base population with wide genetic variability. Through this breeding program, it was possible to obtain three inbred lines. In order to ensure the intellectual property rights to the breeders and to release the new cultivars, it is necessary to prove novelty, distinctiveness, uniformity and stability based on DUS tests, following the norms of the National Plant Variety Protection Service of the Brazilian Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Supply (SNPC / MAPA). The objectives of this thesis were: 1) to evaluate the genetic variability present in the C. chinense Habanero base population, as well as in its parental accessions, through morphological descriptors and microsatellite markers; 2) to evaluate advanced lines of Habanero pepper reaction to the following main pathogens: Ralstonia pseudosolanacearum (Rp), Phytophthora capsici (Pc), M. incognita - Mi, M. javanica - Mj and M. enterolobii - Me, Xanthomonas euvesicatoria (Xe); Potato virus Y (PVY); Pepper yellow mosaic virus (PepYMV) and Pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV); 3) to carry out a morpho-agronomic and biochemical characterization of new lines cultivated in different environments, and to investigate the genotype x environment interaction, aiming to provide subsidies for the registration process of the new cultivars, and their subsequent release; 4) to characterize phenotypic and genotypically the three advanced inbred lines through the DUS test, as well as microsatellite markers in order to obtain information for the process of protection and release of new cultivars. In the study of genetic variability, 30 parental accessions and 144 plants from the base population were evaluated for 45 morphological descriptors and 26 microsatellite primers. The genetic variability was estimated through the matrices of genetic distances. Cluster analyzes were performed using UPGMA method. CNPH 15.737; CNPH 15.740; CNPH 15.744; CNPH 15.745; CNPH 15.749 and CNPH 15.750 were inoculated with three RP isolates and one isolate from each of the following pathogens: Pc, Mi, Mj, Me, Xe, PVY, PepYMV and PMMoV. The area under the disease progress curve and incidence were obtained for Pc, Rp, Xe, PVY, PepYMV e PMMoV; severity index for Rp and Xe and the nematological parameters egg mass index (IMO), gall index (IG), total number of eggs and juveniles (NTOJ), reproduction factor (FR) and reproduction index (IR) for root knot nematodes species. In morpho-agronomic and biochemical characterization, three advanced lines (CNPH 15.740; CNPH xi 15.744 and CNPH 15.749) and two commercial check cultivars (BRS Nandaia and BRS Juruti) were grown in three different environments, two in open fields and one in a protected environment. The characterization of the lines was based on nine morpho-agronomic and nine biochemical descriptors; fieldincidence of the five main virus diseases was also evaluated. Finally, CNPH 15.740; CNPH 15.744 and CNPH 15.749 lines, CNPH 4215, CNPH 4159, BRS Juruti and BRS Nandaia were evaluated in two DUS tests (2018 and 2019) using 48 multi-categorical morphological descriptors and 11 microsatellite primers. High genetic variability was observed between parental accesses and between plants of the base population through morphological descriptors and SSR markers, representing an important source of genetic resources for the current and future Habanero pepper breeding programs. CNPH 15.737 and CNPH 15.740 presented high resistance to Rp, PVY and Mj isolates. The lines also showed moderate level of resistance to Pc and Mi. CNPH 15.749 presented high resistance to PVY, Mj and moderate resistance to Pc isolate and Me. CNPH 15.749 was very resistant to Mi as indicated by the reproduction index. CNPH 15.744 showed resistance to Mi. CNPH 15.750 was moderately resistant to Xe. The three new lines presented important and desirable characteristics such as high yield, adequate plant size (100.0–150.0 cm) and superior quality of fruits in protected environment (CNPH 15.744); open field cultivation potential with high yield (35.0 to 40.0 t ha-1 ; CNPH 15.749 and CNPH 15.740); and superiority for fruit characteristics, lower total titratable acidity (15– 22%) and absence of Potato Virus Y (CNPH 15.740). CNPH 15.740 and CNPH 15.744 were distinct for the morphological, agronomic and microsatellite markers parameters, as well as homogeneous and stable in the two DUS tests. CNPH 15.740 and CNPH 15.744 presented the potential to be submitted to the cultivar registration process and to be released as new Habanero pepper cultivars developed in and adapted to Brazil.
The Habanero peppers compose a group, within the species C. chinense, that present high morphological variability. In addition, the Habanero pepper has important biochemical compounds, beneficial for human health. Currently, there is a high demand for this type of pepper in the national and international markets. However, there are few cultivars adapted to Brazilian climatic conditions as well as resistant to major pathogens. In order to explore the diversity of Habanero peppers and release new cultivars to the national market, Embrapa Hortaliças developed a breeding program (from intercrosses of contrasting accessions and subsequent selection cycles) aiming to establish a base population with wide genetic variability. Through this breeding program, it was possible to obtain three inbred lines. In order to ensure the intellectual property rights to the breeders and to release the new cultivars, it is necessary to prove novelty, distinctiveness, uniformity and stability based on DUS tests, following the norms of the National Plant Variety Protection Service of the Brazilian Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Supply (SNPC / MAPA). The objectives of this thesis were: 1) to evaluate the genetic variability present in the C. chinense Habanero base population, as well as in its parental accessions, through morphological descriptors and microsatellite markers; 2) to evaluate advanced lines of Habanero pepper reaction to the following main pathogens: Ralstonia pseudosolanacearum (Rp), Phytophthora capsici (Pc), M. incognita - Mi, M. javanica - Mj and M. enterolobii - Me, Xanthomonas euvesicatoria (Xe); Potato virus Y (PVY); Pepper yellow mosaic virus (PepYMV) and Pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV); 3) to carry out a morpho-agronomic and biochemical characterization of new lines cultivated in different environments, and to investigate the genotype x environment interaction, aiming to provide subsidies for the registration process of the new cultivars, and their subsequent release; 4) to characterize phenotypic and genotypically the three advanced inbred lines through the DUS test, as well as microsatellite markers in order to obtain information for the process of protection and release of new cultivars. In the study of genetic variability, 30 parental accessions and 144 plants from the base population were evaluated for 45 morphological descriptors and 26 microsatellite primers. The genetic variability was estimated through the matrices of genetic distances. Cluster analyzes were performed using UPGMA method. CNPH 15.737; CNPH 15.740; CNPH 15.744; CNPH 15.745; CNPH 15.749 and CNPH 15.750 were inoculated with three RP isolates and one isolate from each of the following pathogens: Pc, Mi, Mj, Me, Xe, PVY, PepYMV and PMMoV. The area under the disease progress curve and incidence were obtained for Pc, Rp, Xe, PVY, PepYMV e PMMoV; severity index for Rp and Xe and the nematological parameters egg mass index (IMO), gall index (IG), total number of eggs and juveniles (NTOJ), reproduction factor (FR) and reproduction index (IR) for root knot nematodes species. In morpho-agronomic and biochemical characterization, three advanced lines (CNPH 15.740; CNPH xi 15.744 and CNPH 15.749) and two commercial check cultivars (BRS Nandaia and BRS Juruti) were grown in three different environments, two in open fields and one in a protected environment. The characterization of the lines was based on nine morpho-agronomic and nine biochemical descriptors; fieldincidence of the five main virus diseases was also evaluated. Finally, CNPH 15.740; CNPH 15.744 and CNPH 15.749 lines, CNPH 4215, CNPH 4159, BRS Juruti and BRS Nandaia were evaluated in two DUS tests (2018 and 2019) using 48 multi-categorical morphological descriptors and 11 microsatellite primers. High genetic variability was observed between parental accesses and between plants of the base population through morphological descriptors and SSR markers, representing an important source of genetic resources for the current and future Habanero pepper breeding programs. CNPH 15.737 and CNPH 15.740 presented high resistance to Rp, PVY and Mj isolates. The lines also showed moderate level of resistance to Pc and Mi. CNPH 15.749 presented high resistance to PVY, Mj and moderate resistance to Pc isolate and Me. CNPH 15.749 was very resistant to Mi as indicated by the reproduction index. CNPH 15.744 showed resistance to Mi. CNPH 15.750 was moderately resistant to Xe. The three new lines presented important and desirable characteristics such as high yield, adequate plant size (100.0–150.0 cm) and superior quality of fruits in protected environment (CNPH 15.744); open field cultivation potential with high yield (35.0 to 40.0 t ha-1 ; CNPH 15.749 and CNPH 15.740); and superiority for fruit characteristics, lower total titratable acidity (15– 22%) and absence of Potato Virus Y (CNPH 15.740). CNPH 15.740 and CNPH 15.744 were distinct for the morphological, agronomic and microsatellite markers parameters, as well as homogeneous and stable in the two DUS tests. CNPH 15.740 and CNPH 15.744 presented the potential to be submitted to the cultivar registration process and to be released as new Habanero pepper cultivars developed in and adapted to Brazil.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Diversidade, patógenos, testes de DHE, registro e proteção de cultivares