Influência do treinamento resistido periodizado e não periodizado sobre a força muscular, funcionalidade, composição corporal e indicadores de integridade celular em idosos sarcopênicos: periodização do treinamento resistido em idosos
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2020-03-25
Autores
Freitas, Marcelo Conrado de [UNESP]
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
O objetivo deste estudo foi: 1) investigar os efeitos do treinamento resistido periodizado comparado ao treinamento resistido não periodizado sobre a força isométrica e massa muscular em idosos sarcopênicos; e 2) analisar os efeitos do treinamento resistido sobre indicadores de integridade celular, força e funcionalidade em idosos sarcopênicos. Materiais e métodos: Para o primeiro estudo, 20 idosos de ambos os sexos foram divididos aleatoriamente em dois grupos: Periodização linear (PL: n=11) e Não-periodizado (NP: n=9). Os participantes realizaram um programa de treinamento resistido por 16 semanas. As avaliações de força isométrica manual e de tronco e a determinação da massa muscular esquelética foram realizadas no início e após as 4, 8, 12 e 16 semanas de treinamento. No Segundo estudo, 16 idosos sarcopênicos foram submetidos a duas condições: período de destreinamento (semana 1 até a semana 12) e período de treinamento resistido (semana 13 até a semana 24). A composição corporal foi mensurada por impedância octopolar bioelétrica, a força isométrica de extensão de joelhos e a extensão do tronco por dinamometria eletrônica e a velocidade de caminhada por meio de teste de caminhada de 4 metros. As avaliações foram realizadas na semana 1, 12 e 24. Resultados: No Estudo 1 uma interação grupo vs. tempo foi encontrada (p<0,01) para a carga total levantada, com o maior incremento para o grupo NP. A força isométrica manual e do tronco aumentou ao longo do tempo (P<0,001), mas não houve diferenças significativas entre grupos (p>0,05). A massa muscular aumentou ao longo do tempo (p<0,05), no entanto, não houve diferença significativa entre grupos (p>0,05). Para o Estudo 2, houve redução para o ângulo de fase e hidratação corporal durante o período de controle (p<0,05), mas após 12 semanas de treinamento resistido, houve aumento de massa livre de gordura, hidratação corporal, força do tronco (p<0,05) e redução na massa gorda (p<0,05). As mudanças porcentuais do ângulo de fase, força isométrica na extensão de joelhos e capacidade de caminhar foram maiores no período de treinamento comparado ao período de controle. Conclusão: Ambos os modelos de treinamento aumentaram a força isométrica de membros superiores e ganhos de massa muscular em idosos sarcopênicos. Contudo, o treinamento NP apresentou maior carga total levantada, sugerindo que é possível obter ganhos semelhantes em força isométrica e massa muscular na PL com menor volume total. Além disso, o destreinamento gerou um declínio no ângulo de fase em idosos sarcopênicos. No entanto, 12 semanas de treinamento resistido foram eficazes para reverter o declínio do ângulo de fase e promover ganhos de massa livre de gordura, hidratação corporal, força de extensão dos joelhos e tronco e velocidade de caminhada.
The aim of the study were: 1) to compare the effects of linear periodization (LP) versus nonperiodized (NP) resistance training on upper-body iso-metric force and skeletal muscle mass (SMM) in sarcopenic older adults. 2) to investigated the effect of resistance training on cellular health indicator, body composition, strength and walking capacity in sarcopenic elderly. Materials and methods: For the first study, twenty sarcopenic older adults were randomly assigned into the LP and NP groups and performed 16 weeks of resistance training. The skeletal muscle massa (SMM) was measured by octopolar bioelectrical impedance. The isometric force for handgrip and trunk were assessed by dynamometer. Evaluations were performed at baseline, after 4, 8, 12, and 16 weeks of resistance training. For the second study, sixteen sarcopenic elderly were submitted into two conditions: Control period (baseline until pre-training; 0 to 12-week) and resistance training period (pre-training until post-training; 12 to 24- week). Body composition was measured by octopolar bioelectrical impedance. Leg extension and trunk strength were assessed by dynamometer and walking capacity was evaluated by 4-meter walking test. The evaluations were performed at baseline, pretraining and post-training. Results: In the first study, For total weight lifted, there was a main effect for time (p<0.001), statistically significant difference between condition (p=0.001), whereby total weight lifted was greater for NP after 4 months of train-ing. Isometric force for handgrip and trunk, and SMM increased across time (p< 0.001) but no significant differences between groups or interaction were observed (p> 0.05). There were strong and significant correlations be-tween handgrip maximum force and SMM (p=0.244) and handgrip mean force and SMM (p= 0.332) only for the LP group. In the second study, there was a reduction for PhA and body hydratation during control period (p<0.05) but after 12 weeks of resistance training, there were an increased for fat free mass, body hydratation, trunk strength (p<0.05) and reduced in the fat mass (p<0.05). The changes after training period were greater for PhA, leg extension strength and walking capacity in relation to control period. Conclusion: Both protocols increased upper-body isometric force and SMM in sarcopenic older adults. However, LP presented lower total weight lifted, suggesting that it is possible to obtain similar gains in isometric force and SMM with less total work. In addition, there was a decline of phase angle in sarcopenic elderly, however, 12-wks of resistance training was effective to reverted the decline of phase angle and promoted gains of fat-free mass, body hydration, strength (leg extension and trunk) and walking capacity.
The aim of the study were: 1) to compare the effects of linear periodization (LP) versus nonperiodized (NP) resistance training on upper-body iso-metric force and skeletal muscle mass (SMM) in sarcopenic older adults. 2) to investigated the effect of resistance training on cellular health indicator, body composition, strength and walking capacity in sarcopenic elderly. Materials and methods: For the first study, twenty sarcopenic older adults were randomly assigned into the LP and NP groups and performed 16 weeks of resistance training. The skeletal muscle massa (SMM) was measured by octopolar bioelectrical impedance. The isometric force for handgrip and trunk were assessed by dynamometer. Evaluations were performed at baseline, after 4, 8, 12, and 16 weeks of resistance training. For the second study, sixteen sarcopenic elderly were submitted into two conditions: Control period (baseline until pre-training; 0 to 12-week) and resistance training period (pre-training until post-training; 12 to 24- week). Body composition was measured by octopolar bioelectrical impedance. Leg extension and trunk strength were assessed by dynamometer and walking capacity was evaluated by 4-meter walking test. The evaluations were performed at baseline, pretraining and post-training. Results: In the first study, For total weight lifted, there was a main effect for time (p<0.001), statistically significant difference between condition (p=0.001), whereby total weight lifted was greater for NP after 4 months of train-ing. Isometric force for handgrip and trunk, and SMM increased across time (p< 0.001) but no significant differences between groups or interaction were observed (p> 0.05). There were strong and significant correlations be-tween handgrip maximum force and SMM (p=0.244) and handgrip mean force and SMM (p= 0.332) only for the LP group. In the second study, there was a reduction for PhA and body hydratation during control period (p<0.05) but after 12 weeks of resistance training, there were an increased for fat free mass, body hydratation, trunk strength (p<0.05) and reduced in the fat mass (p<0.05). The changes after training period were greater for PhA, leg extension strength and walking capacity in relation to control period. Conclusion: Both protocols increased upper-body isometric force and SMM in sarcopenic older adults. However, LP presented lower total weight lifted, suggesting that it is possible to obtain similar gains in isometric force and SMM with less total work. In addition, there was a decline of phase angle in sarcopenic elderly, however, 12-wks of resistance training was effective to reverted the decline of phase angle and promoted gains of fat-free mass, body hydration, strength (leg extension and trunk) and walking capacity.
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Palavras-chave
Exercício, Envelhecimento, Capacidade funcional, Composição corporal, Treinamento de força, Exercise, Aging, Functional capacity, Body composition, Strength training