Prolegômenos a uma epistemologia das ciências: por uma abordagem organicista omnilética
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Data
2020-08-28
Autores
Reversi, Luiz Felipe Campos
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
O processo histórico do desenvolvimento científico representa um campo de estudos importante, explorado pelos historiadores das ciências. Todavia, cabe aos filósofos da ciência produzir e realizar a análise das perspectivas sobre a ciência e a natureza do conhecimento científico, avaliando suas contradições, limitações e consequências para a atividade científica e a sociedade, eventualmente propondo soluções. Neste contexto, objetivando a construção de uma proposta de filosofia da ciência pertinente aos desafios que esta encontra na atualidade, a presente pesquisa empreendeu uma revisão das principais correntes de pensamento sobre as ciências, representadas por três grupos: epistemologias hegemônicas; epistemologias críticas/marxistas; epistemologias pós-modernistas. Após breve contextualização histórica dessas correntes, foi empreendida detida análise comparativa de seus fundamentos ontológicos, gnosiológicos, epistemológicos, ideológicos e alguns apontamentos metodológicos, a partir da qual foram desvelados as contradições e perigos das concepções pós-modernistas para a ciência contemporânea, bem como o potencial revolucionário das concepções marxistas para a filosofia da ciência. Frente aos resultados obtidos nessa análise teórica foi elaborada uma nova proposta de filosofia da ciência baseada nos princípios (ontológicos, gnosiológicos, epistemológicos, ideológicos e metodológicos) marxistas, porém buscando superar as críticas feitas por/a cada um dos grupos epistemológicos analisados, incorporando conceitos e pressupostos como os da complexidade, estruturando nossa proposta de maneira adequada à realidade das ciências naturais, visando a produção de uma ciência que seja compreendida tanto enquanto atividade humana (trabalho imaterial) quanto como conhecimento (produto cultural), reflexiva, crítica de si mesma e alinhada aos interesses sociais. A partir deste processo analítico e sintético emerge a proposta do Organicismo Omnilético, na qual o organicismo figura como superação do materialismo tal como a omnilética como superação da dialética. Realizamos, então, um estudo empírico na forma de pesquisa-ação com professores de Ciências e Biologia em formação inicial e continuada por meio de um curso de extensão com o objetivo de validar o quadro teórico elaborado assim como garantir a construção coletiva e participativa dessa pesquisa e da proposta nela desenvolvida, além de buscar com que essa contribua para a formação destes professores e consequentemente para a educação científica da comunidade. Ao longo deste curso de extensão foram produzidos e coletados dados dos participantes por meio de questionários contendo questões abertas e fechadas os quais foram analisados por meio da proposta da Análise de Conteúdo e da Análise de Discurso de matriz francesa, evidenciando o perfil epistêmico dos participantes e as contribuições do modelo do Organicismo Omnilético para suas concepções de ciência e sua prática pedagógica.
The historical process of scientific development represents an important field of study, explored by science historians, however, it is up to the philosophers of science to produce and carry out the analysis of perspectives on science and the nature of scientific knowledge, assessing its contradictions, limitations and consequences for scientific activity and society, eventually proposing solutions. In this context, aiming the construction of a proposition for philosophy of science relevant to the challenges it currently faces, the present research undertook a review of the main currents of thought about the sciences, represented by three groups: hegemonic epistemologies; critical/Marxist epistemologies; postmodernist epistemologies. After a brief historical contextualization of these currents, a comparative analysis of their ontological, gnosiological, epistemological, ideological foundations and some methodological notes was undertaken, from which the contradictions and dangers of postmodernist conceptions for contemporary science, as well as the revolutionary potential of Marxist conceptions for the philosophy of Science were unveild. In view of the results obtained in this theoretical analysis, a new proposition for a philosophy of science was developed based on Marxist (ontological, gnosiological, epistemological, ideological and methodological) principles, but seeking to overcome the criticisms made by/to each of the analyzed epistemological groups, incorporating concepts and assumptions like those of complexity, structuring our proposal in an appropriate way to the reality of the natural sciences, aiming at the production of a science that is understood both as human activity (immaterial work) and as knowledge (cultural product), reflective, critical of itself and aligned with social interests. From this analytical and synthetic process emerges the proposal of Omniletic Organicism, in which organicism appears as overcoming materialism as well as omniletics as overcoming dialectic. We, then, carried out an empirical study in the form of action research with Science and Biology teachers in initial and continuing education through an extension course with the aim of validating the theoretical framework developed as well as ensuring the collective and participative construction of this research and the proposal developed therein, in addition to seeking to contribute to the education of these teachers and consequently to the scientific education of the community. Throughout this extension course, data were produced and collected from participants through questionnaires containing open and closed questions which were analyzed through the proposal of Content Analysis and Discourse Analysis of French matrix, showing the epistemic profile of the participants and the contributions the model of Omniletic Organicism for its conceptions of science and its pedagogical practice.
The historical process of scientific development represents an important field of study, explored by science historians, however, it is up to the philosophers of science to produce and carry out the analysis of perspectives on science and the nature of scientific knowledge, assessing its contradictions, limitations and consequences for scientific activity and society, eventually proposing solutions. In this context, aiming the construction of a proposition for philosophy of science relevant to the challenges it currently faces, the present research undertook a review of the main currents of thought about the sciences, represented by three groups: hegemonic epistemologies; critical/Marxist epistemologies; postmodernist epistemologies. After a brief historical contextualization of these currents, a comparative analysis of their ontological, gnosiological, epistemological, ideological foundations and some methodological notes was undertaken, from which the contradictions and dangers of postmodernist conceptions for contemporary science, as well as the revolutionary potential of Marxist conceptions for the philosophy of Science were unveild. In view of the results obtained in this theoretical analysis, a new proposition for a philosophy of science was developed based on Marxist (ontological, gnosiological, epistemological, ideological and methodological) principles, but seeking to overcome the criticisms made by/to each of the analyzed epistemological groups, incorporating concepts and assumptions like those of complexity, structuring our proposal in an appropriate way to the reality of the natural sciences, aiming at the production of a science that is understood both as human activity (immaterial work) and as knowledge (cultural product), reflective, critical of itself and aligned with social interests. From this analytical and synthetic process emerges the proposal of Omniletic Organicism, in which organicism appears as overcoming materialism as well as omniletics as overcoming dialectic. We, then, carried out an empirical study in the form of action research with Science and Biology teachers in initial and continuing education through an extension course with the aim of validating the theoretical framework developed as well as ensuring the collective and participative construction of this research and the proposal developed therein, in addition to seeking to contribute to the education of these teachers and consequently to the scientific education of the community. Throughout this extension course, data were produced and collected from participants through questionnaires containing open and closed questions which were analyzed through the proposal of Content Analysis and Discourse Analysis of French matrix, showing the epistemic profile of the participants and the contributions the model of Omniletic Organicism for its conceptions of science and its pedagogical practice.
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Palavras-chave
Filosofia da Ciência, Marxismo, Organicismo omnilético, Philosophy of science, Marxism, Omniletic organicism