O método na obra Vigotski e a abordagem ontológica do desenvolvimento humano: uma análise histórica
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2020-09-14
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Costa, Eduardo Moura da
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
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A presente tese teve como objetivo apreender o desenvolvimento histórico do problema do método e da metodologia na obra de L. S. Vigotski. Esse psicólogo soviético produziu, entre meados da década de 1920 e início da década de 1930, o projeto de uma Psicologia científica que pretendia superar o reducionismo materialista mecanicista, bem como o idealismo subjetivista. Foi analisada a relação entre objeto, método do conhecimento e procedimentos de pesquisa. Constatou-se que, para o autor, o princípio explicativo da gênese da consciência não está nela própria, porém, nas relações sociais. A análise externa do comportamento alterou-se para a análise interna da consciência. No final da sua vida, Vigotski elaborou a hipótese de que a consciência teria uma estrutura sistêmica e semântica. O método de análise modificou-se, por imposição dos fatos, transladando-se da atividade instrumental mediada pelo signo para o pensamento verbal cuja unidade é o significado. Essa modificação representou a alteração do método de análise das partes componentes para o método de análise por unidades. O método genético experimental se adequou aos resultados das pesquisas, redundando no método de cortes genéticos, que permitiu o estudo não apenas da gênese do desenvolvimento, mas de todo o processo, incluindo a adolescência. A forma de coleta dos dados também foi requalificada, ao longo de sua produção. As situações experimentais, predominantes durante o período baseado no estudo do ato instrumental, deram lugar a outros procedimentos menos restritos, tais como observações, estudo de casos clínicos, aplicação de questionário, definição de conceitos e entrevistas. Conclui-se, com esta pesquisa, que o método, para Vigotski, não é uma produção lógico-gnosiológica, mas responde ao objeto pesquisado, sendo uma abordagem ontológica, pois as modificações operadas em seu método e em suas explicações do fenômeno não foram produto da delimitação lógico-racional prévia, todavia, refletiram a regularidade do fenômeno em cada contexto de observação. Assim, o autor não fundiu nem dividiu epistemologia e ontologia, isto é, não reduziu o conhecimento ao estatuto biológico que compõe o homem, muito menos advogou a suposta tese do antagonismo entre a qualidade material do ser em contraposição à natureza espiritual do conhecimento. Ao contrário, dado que, para ele, o estatuto do ser é encontrado nas relações sociais, a origem do conhecimento está condicionada por esse estatuto, fato que redunda numa compreensão a qual leva em conta o papel do desenvolvimento do significado, tanto para um quanto a outro. Por fim, foi possível constatar a relação intrínseca entre tais princípios metodológicos com aqueles de Marx, sobretudo a fundamentação ontoprática do conhecimento, a determinação social do pensamento e da presença história do objeto, a teoria das abstrações e a lógica da concreção.
The present thesis aimed to apprehend the historical development of the problem of method and methodology in the work of L. S. Vygotsky. This Soviet psychologist produced, between the mid-1920s and the early 1930s, the project of a scientific psychology that sought to overcome mechanistic materialistic reductionism, as well as subjectivist idealism. The relationship between object, method of knowledge and research instruments was analyzed. It was found that, for the author, the explanatory principle of the genesis of consciousness is not in itself, but in social relations. The external analysis of behavior has changed to the internal analysis of consciousness. At the end of his life, Vygotsky hypothesized that consciousness would have a systemic and semantic structure. The method of analysis was modified by imposing the facts, moving from instrumental activity mediated by the sign to verbal thinking whose unity is the meaning. This change represented a change from the method of analysis of the component parts to the method of analysis by unitys. The experimental genetic method was adapted to the research results, resulting in the method of genetic sections, which allowed the study not only of the genesis of development, but of the entire process, including adolescence. The form of data collection was also requalified, throughout its production. The experimental situations, predominant during the period based on the study of the instrumental act, gave rise to other less restricted procedures, such as observations, clinical case studies, questionnaire application, definition of concepts and interviews. It is concluded, with this research, that the method, for Vigotski, is not a logical-gnosiological production, but responds to the researched object, being an ontological approach, because the modifications operated in his method and in his explanations of the phenomenon were not a product the previous logical-rational delimitation, however, reflected the regularity of the phenomenon in each observation context. Thus, the author did not fuse or divide epistemology and ontology, that is, he did not reduce knowledge to the biological status that makes up man, much less advocated the supposed thesis of antagonism between the material quality of being as opposed to the spiritual nature of knowledge. On the contrary, given that, for him, the status of being is found in social relations, the origin of knowledge is conditioned by this status, a fact that results in an understanding that takes into account the role of the development of meaning, both for one and the other. Finally, it was possible to verify the intrinsic relationship between such methodological principles with those of Marx, especially the ontopractical foundation of knowledge, the social determination of thought and the historical presence of the object, the theory of abstractions and the logic of concretion.
The present thesis aimed to apprehend the historical development of the problem of method and methodology in the work of L. S. Vygotsky. This Soviet psychologist produced, between the mid-1920s and the early 1930s, the project of a scientific psychology that sought to overcome mechanistic materialistic reductionism, as well as subjectivist idealism. The relationship between object, method of knowledge and research instruments was analyzed. It was found that, for the author, the explanatory principle of the genesis of consciousness is not in itself, but in social relations. The external analysis of behavior has changed to the internal analysis of consciousness. At the end of his life, Vygotsky hypothesized that consciousness would have a systemic and semantic structure. The method of analysis was modified by imposing the facts, moving from instrumental activity mediated by the sign to verbal thinking whose unity is the meaning. This change represented a change from the method of analysis of the component parts to the method of analysis by unitys. The experimental genetic method was adapted to the research results, resulting in the method of genetic sections, which allowed the study not only of the genesis of development, but of the entire process, including adolescence. The form of data collection was also requalified, throughout its production. The experimental situations, predominant during the period based on the study of the instrumental act, gave rise to other less restricted procedures, such as observations, clinical case studies, questionnaire application, definition of concepts and interviews. It is concluded, with this research, that the method, for Vigotski, is not a logical-gnosiological production, but responds to the researched object, being an ontological approach, because the modifications operated in his method and in his explanations of the phenomenon were not a product the previous logical-rational delimitation, however, reflected the regularity of the phenomenon in each observation context. Thus, the author did not fuse or divide epistemology and ontology, that is, he did not reduce knowledge to the biological status that makes up man, much less advocated the supposed thesis of antagonism between the material quality of being as opposed to the spiritual nature of knowledge. On the contrary, given that, for him, the status of being is found in social relations, the origin of knowledge is conditioned by this status, a fact that results in an understanding that takes into account the role of the development of meaning, both for one and the other. Finally, it was possible to verify the intrinsic relationship between such methodological principles with those of Marx, especially the ontopractical foundation of knowledge, the social determination of thought and the historical presence of the object, the theory of abstractions and the logic of concretion.
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Psicologia, Vigotski, Método, Marx