O impacto da alteração do zoneamento bioclimático brasileiro em projeto padrão: o caso das unidades básicas de saúde tipo I
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Data
2020-09-21
Autores
Silveira, Guilherme William Petrini da
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
Apresentadas como a porta de acesso ao sistema único de saúde, as unidades básicas de saúde (UBS) são os locais onde se visam resolver até 80% das enfermidades relatadas pela população brasileira. Com o programa requalifica UBS, o governo federal forneceu projetos padrões para construção de milhares dessas edificações; no entanto, questões importantes não são avaliadas, o que prejudica o conforto térmico dos usuários na edificação. Devido à sua importância são necessários estudos da adequabilidade dos projetos padrões ao zoneamento bioclimático (ZB) brasileiro. Normatizado pela NBR 15.220-3, o ZB divide o território nacional em oito grupos a partir da classificação de cidades com características climáticas semelhantes. Apesar de sua relevância, diversos estudos apontam que esta classificação não reflete a diversidade climática do Brasil e apresenta falhas na definição adequada das recomendações técnico-construtivas. Sobretudo devido ao aumento de fontes de dados climáticos no território nacional, novas propostas para a sua revisão são apresentadas. Nesse contexto, a presente pesquisa tem por objetivo analisar se a avaliação de desempenho térmico a partir da proposta de Classificação de Climas do Brasil - Versão 3.0, apresentada pelo Prof. Maurício Roriz em 2014, impacta os indicadores de conforto térmico em edificações padrões de UBS tipo I. Por se tratar de uma análise para todo território nacional, foram realizadas simulações térmicas computacionais com o programa EnergyPlus e as temperaturas operativas resultantes foram comparadas com os limites de conforto térmico do método adaptativo da ASHRAE 55. A análise é realizada através da comparação do percentual de horas ocupadas em conforto térmico e quantidade de graus-hora de desconforto total para diferentes cenários. Foi demonstrado que: o projeto padrão porte I não apresenta desempenho térmico adequado para a sua implantação em todo o território nacional; a adoção de estratégias passivas combinadas são suficientes para melhoria térmica na edificação para maioria dos climas brasileiros, mas em 25% dos casos não é recomendado o uso desses projetos; a definição de elementos construtivos e estratégias passivas por simulação computacional mostra-se mais apropriada que pelo uso de tabelas preditivas e pelas diretrizes recomendadas pela NBR 15.220-3; a adoção da proposta de zoneamento de Roriz impacta significativamente a avaliação do desempenho térmico da edificação, proporciona aumento médio de 30% do percentual de horas ocupadas em conforto térmico, mais adequados que os 16% calculados com a utilização do zoneamento previsto pela NBR 15.220-3.
Presented as the gateway to the Brazilian unified health system, basic health units (BHU) are places where up to 80% of the illnesses reported by the Brazilian population are addressed. With the BHU requalification program, the federal government has provided standard projects for the construction of thousands of these buildings; however, important issues are not evaluated, which interferes with the thermal comfort of users in the building. Due to their importance, studies on the suitability of standard projects for Brazilian bioclimatic zoning (BZ) are necessary. Standardized by NBR 15.220-3, the BZ divides the national territory into eight groups from the classification of cities with similar climatic characteristics. Despite its relevance, several studies point out that this classification does not reflect the climate reality in Brazil and presents flaws in the adequate definition of technical-constructive recommendations. Especially due to the increase of climate data sources in the national territory, new proposals for its revision are presented. In this context, this research aims to analyze whether the evaluation of thermal performance from the proposed Brazilian Climate Classification - Version 3.0, presented by Prof. Maurício Roriz in 2014, impacts the thermal comfort indicators in BHU type I buildings. As this is a nationwide analysis, thermal computer simulations were performed with the EnergyPlus program and the resulting operating temperatures were compared with the thermal comfort limits of the ASHRAE 55 adaptive method. The analysis is carried out by comparing the percentage of hours occupied in thermal comfort and the amount of degree hours of total discomfort for different scenarios. It was demonstrated that: the standard project size I does not present adequate thermal performance for implementation throughout the national territory; the adoption of combined passive strategies are sufficient for thermal improvement of the building for most of the Brazilian climates, but in 25% of the cases its use is not recommended; the definition of constructive elements and passive strategies by computational simulation is more appropriate than by the use of predictive tables and the guidelines recommended by NBR 15. 220-3; the adoption of the Roriz zoning proposal significantly impacts the evaluation of the thermal performance of the building, providing an average increase of 30% in the percentage of hours occupied in thermal comfort, more appropriate than the 16% calculated with the use of the zoning provided by NBR 15.220-3.
Presented as the gateway to the Brazilian unified health system, basic health units (BHU) are places where up to 80% of the illnesses reported by the Brazilian population are addressed. With the BHU requalification program, the federal government has provided standard projects for the construction of thousands of these buildings; however, important issues are not evaluated, which interferes with the thermal comfort of users in the building. Due to their importance, studies on the suitability of standard projects for Brazilian bioclimatic zoning (BZ) are necessary. Standardized by NBR 15.220-3, the BZ divides the national territory into eight groups from the classification of cities with similar climatic characteristics. Despite its relevance, several studies point out that this classification does not reflect the climate reality in Brazil and presents flaws in the adequate definition of technical-constructive recommendations. Especially due to the increase of climate data sources in the national territory, new proposals for its revision are presented. In this context, this research aims to analyze whether the evaluation of thermal performance from the proposed Brazilian Climate Classification - Version 3.0, presented by Prof. Maurício Roriz in 2014, impacts the thermal comfort indicators in BHU type I buildings. As this is a nationwide analysis, thermal computer simulations were performed with the EnergyPlus program and the resulting operating temperatures were compared with the thermal comfort limits of the ASHRAE 55 adaptive method. The analysis is carried out by comparing the percentage of hours occupied in thermal comfort and the amount of degree hours of total discomfort for different scenarios. It was demonstrated that: the standard project size I does not present adequate thermal performance for implementation throughout the national territory; the adoption of combined passive strategies are sufficient for thermal improvement of the building for most of the Brazilian climates, but in 25% of the cases its use is not recommended; the definition of constructive elements and passive strategies by computational simulation is more appropriate than by the use of predictive tables and the guidelines recommended by NBR 15. 220-3; the adoption of the Roriz zoning proposal significantly impacts the evaluation of the thermal performance of the building, providing an average increase of 30% in the percentage of hours occupied in thermal comfort, more appropriate than the 16% calculated with the use of the zoning provided by NBR 15.220-3.
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Palavras-chave
Conforto térmico, Zoneamento Bioclimático, Unidade Básica de Saúde, Simulação Computacional, Projeto Padrão, Thermal Comfort, Bioclimatic Zoning, Basic Health Unit, Thermal Simulation, Standard Design, Zoneamento Bioclimático