A relação entre a expansão das áreas construídas de Presidente Prudente/SP e a intensidade da temperatura aparente da superfície nos anos de 1989, 1999, 2009 e 2019
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Data
2020-10-16
Autores
Mauro, Danilo Ribeiro
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
Diante do potencial humano de causar grandes modificações no ambiente, é imprescindível que os avanços científico e tecnológico tragam respostas que permitam evitar crises e eventos climáticos desastrosos. Isso porque se percebe uma intensa relação entre os elementos climáticos e a vida em sociedade. Nesse sentido, foram desenvolvidos diversos estudos acerca do papel do clima na organização do espaço geográfico, sobretudo no que se refere ao clima urbano e suas implicações diretas – como a formação das ilhas de calor superficiais urbanas. Indiscutível, ainda, as contribuições advindas do sensoriamento remoto e das técnicas de geoprocessamento aos estudos dos fenômenos climáticos. Nessa perspectiva, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo analisar a relação entre a expansão das áreas construídas de Presidente Prudente/SP, nos anos de 1989, 1999, 2009 e 2019, com a potencial alteração da intensidade da temperatura aparente da superfície. Num primeiro momento, foram assinaladas as áreas em que houve acréscimos de edificações, por meio de imagens disponibilizadas pelo aplicativo Google Earth Pro, no período histórico de interesse. Tais áreas foram vetorizadas por meio de ferramentas de processamento digital, no software QGIS. Em seguida foram identificadas as intensidades das temperaturas aparentes da superfície, por intermédio das imagens captadas pelos sensores termais dos satélites Landsat 5 (banda 5) e Landsat 8 (banda 10), nas estações seca e chuvosa. Foi possível verificar um aumento da magnitude das ilhas de calor superficial urbanas, no decorrer das três décadas analisadas, de maneira mais significativa após períodos chuvosos. Também foram elaborados mapas de NDVI (Índice de Vegetação por Diferença Normalizada), que demonstraram a diminuição das áreas vegetadas da cidade no lapso temporal em questão. Elaborou-se, ainda, gráficos da evolução da precipitação total e temperatura média anuais, nas últimas três décadas, em Presidente Prudente/SP. Ao final, foi possível concluir que houve aumento da intensidade da temperatura superficial em todas as áreas identificadas no período de trinta anos, sobressaindo, nos períodos chuvosos, as ilhas de calor superficiais urbanas de forte e muito forte magnitudes. Constatou-se, da mesma forma, que a magnitude das ilhas de calor superficiais também se conecta ao padrão construtivo e tamanho dos lotes, sendo que as regiões com maior densidade de edificações são aquelas que mais apresentam temperaturas superficiais elevadas, demandando um melhor planejamento urbano e habitacional, buscando maior bem-estar da população.
In view of the human potential to cause major changes in the environment, it is essential that scientific and technological advances bring responses that allow to avoid crises and disastrous climatic events. This is because there is an intense relationship between climatic elements and life in society. In this sense, several studies have been developed on the role of climate in the organization of geographic space, especially with regard to urban climate and its direct implications - such as the formation of urban surface heat islands. The contributions from remote sensing and geoprocessing techniques to the study of climatic phenomena are also indisputable. In this perspective, the present study aimed to analyze the relationship between the expansion of the built areas of Presidente Prudente/SP, in the years 1989, 1999, 2009 and 2019, with the potential change in the intensity of the apparent surface temperature. First of all, the areas in which there were additions of buildings were highlighted, using images provided by the Google Earth Pro app, during the historical period of interest. These areas were vectored using digital processing tools, using the QGIS software. Then the intensities of the apparent surface temperatures were identified, obtained through images captured by the thermal sensors of the Landsat 5 (band 5) and Landsat 8 (band 10) satellites, in the dry and rainy seasons. It was possible to verify an increase in the magnitude of the urban surface heat islands, over the three decades analyzed, more significantly after rainy periods. NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) maps were also made, which demonstrated the decrease of the vegetated areas of the city in the time lapse in question. Graphs of the evolution of total precipitation and average annual temperature in Presidente Prudente/SP over the past three decades were also prepared. Finally, it was possible to conclude that there was an increase in the intensity of the surface temperature in all the built-up areas, identified in the period of thirty years, standing out, in the rainy periods, the urban surface heat islands of strong and very strong magnitudes. It was found, in the same way, that the magnitude of the surface heat islands is also connected to the construction pattern and size of the lots, being that the regions with the highest density of buildings are those that show higher surface temperatures, demanding better planning urban and housing, seeking greater well-being of the population.
In view of the human potential to cause major changes in the environment, it is essential that scientific and technological advances bring responses that allow to avoid crises and disastrous climatic events. This is because there is an intense relationship between climatic elements and life in society. In this sense, several studies have been developed on the role of climate in the organization of geographic space, especially with regard to urban climate and its direct implications - such as the formation of urban surface heat islands. The contributions from remote sensing and geoprocessing techniques to the study of climatic phenomena are also indisputable. In this perspective, the present study aimed to analyze the relationship between the expansion of the built areas of Presidente Prudente/SP, in the years 1989, 1999, 2009 and 2019, with the potential change in the intensity of the apparent surface temperature. First of all, the areas in which there were additions of buildings were highlighted, using images provided by the Google Earth Pro app, during the historical period of interest. These areas were vectored using digital processing tools, using the QGIS software. Then the intensities of the apparent surface temperatures were identified, obtained through images captured by the thermal sensors of the Landsat 5 (band 5) and Landsat 8 (band 10) satellites, in the dry and rainy seasons. It was possible to verify an increase in the magnitude of the urban surface heat islands, over the three decades analyzed, more significantly after rainy periods. NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) maps were also made, which demonstrated the decrease of the vegetated areas of the city in the time lapse in question. Graphs of the evolution of total precipitation and average annual temperature in Presidente Prudente/SP over the past three decades were also prepared. Finally, it was possible to conclude that there was an increase in the intensity of the surface temperature in all the built-up areas, identified in the period of thirty years, standing out, in the rainy periods, the urban surface heat islands of strong and very strong magnitudes. It was found, in the same way, that the magnitude of the surface heat islands is also connected to the construction pattern and size of the lots, being that the regions with the highest density of buildings are those that show higher surface temperatures, demanding better planning urban and housing, seeking greater well-being of the population.
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Palavras-chave
Sensoriamento remoto, Geoprocessamento, Climatologia urbana, Ilha de calor urbana, Remote sensing, Geoprocessing, Urban heat island, Urban climatology