A transparência nas línguas da família Tupi-Guarani: guajá, kamaiurá, kokama e kaiowá
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Data
2020-10-14
Autores
Spósito, Carolina Cau
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
A proposta investiga as relações de transparência e opacidade em quatro línguas da família Tupi-Guarani, por meio dos critérios adotados pelo modelo teórico da Gramática Discursivo-Funcional, desenvolvida por Hengeveld e Mackenzie (2008). Dessa forma, assume-se uma perspectiva funcional e uma abordagem desse fenômeno, que permite a definição da transparência considerando o alinhamento entre e dentro dos níveis de análise da teoria, o que representa uma inovação do conceito – tradicionalmente concebido como a relação entre forma e significado. O objetivo geral consiste em verificar o compartilhamento de traços entre as línguas da mesma família. Como objetivos específicos, buscaremos i) determinar as propriedades de cada língua, de acordo com nove critérios – aposição, referência cruzada, relações gramaticais, concordância na oração, concordância de negação, expletivos, gênero gramatical; acordo sintagmático; descontinuidade; ii) comparar as línguas de modo a determinar as propriedades que são compartilhadas entre elas. Para tanto, tomam-se, como material de investigação, dados secundários, extraídos da descrição, fornecida em gramáticas e teses por outros autores, das quatro línguas (guajá, kamaiurá, kokama, kaiowá). A partir dos critérios de opacidade propostos por Hengeveld (2011a), Leufkens (2015) e Hengeveld e Leufkens (2018), determinam-se, qualitativamente, os traços de cada língua, comparam-se os resultados de modo a determinar as propriedades que são compartilhadas entre elas. Os resultados mostram o compartilhamento de traços transparentes e opacos entre as quatro línguas, de modo que é possível alcançar uma caracterização geral sistemática das línguas da família Tupi-Guarani nos seguintes aspectos: apresentam um sistema de negação que se manifesta em distintas camadas dos níveis Interpessoal e Representacional; carecem de marcação de gênero e de conjugação verbal; apresentam alinhamento semântico (e não sintático), que caracteriza as línguas ativas, isto é, línguas que distinguem o argumento Ativo dos não-ativos (Inativo e Locativo), e não a função sintática de sujeito e objeto, que implica um alinhamento morfossintático. Desse modo, este estudo torna possível alcançar uma caracterização das línguas da família Tupi-Guarani no que se refere aos traços de transparência/opacidade. Ao descrever e caracterizar tipologicamente essas línguas, este estudo contribui para estudos posteriores, como também para sua preservação.
The proposal is to investigate the relations of transparency and opacity in four languages of the Tupi-Guarani family, using the criteria adopted by the theoretical model of the Functional Discourse Grammar, developed by Hengeveld and Mackenzie (2008). Thus, a functional perspective and an approach to this phenomenon is assumed, which allows the definition of transparency considering the alignment between and within the levels of analysis of the theory, which represents an innovation of the concept - traditionally conceived as the relationship between the form and meaning. The general objective is to verify the sharing of traits between languages of the same family. As specific objectives, we will try to i) determine as properties of each language, according to nine criteria - apposition, cross-reference, grammatical relations, agreement in the sentence, agreement of negation, expletives, grammatical gender; syntagmatic agreement; discontinuity; ii) compare languages in order to determine the properties that are shared between them. For this purpose, secondary data are taken as research material, extracted from the description, provided in grammars and theses by other authors, of the four languages (guajá, kamaiurá, kokama, kaiowá). From the opacity criteria proposed by Hengeveld (2011a), Leufkens (2015) and Hengeveld and Leufkens (2018), the features of each language are qualitatively determined, the results are compared in order to determine the properties that are shared between them. The results show the sharing of transparent and opaque features between the four languages, so that it is possible to achieve a general systematic characterization of the languages of the Tupi-Guarani family in the following aspects: they present a system of negation that manifests itself in different layers of the Interpersonal levels and Representational; they lack gender marking and verbal conjugation; present semantic (and non-syntactic) alignment, which characterizes active languages, that is, languages that distinguish the Active from the non-active (Inactive and Locative) argument, and not the syntactic function of subject and object, which implies a morphosyntactic alignment. Thus, this study allows to characterize the languages of the Tupi-Guarani family in terms of transparency / opacity traits. By describing and typologically characterizing these languages, this study contributes to further studies, as well as to their preservation.
The proposal is to investigate the relations of transparency and opacity in four languages of the Tupi-Guarani family, using the criteria adopted by the theoretical model of the Functional Discourse Grammar, developed by Hengeveld and Mackenzie (2008). Thus, a functional perspective and an approach to this phenomenon is assumed, which allows the definition of transparency considering the alignment between and within the levels of analysis of the theory, which represents an innovation of the concept - traditionally conceived as the relationship between the form and meaning. The general objective is to verify the sharing of traits between languages of the same family. As specific objectives, we will try to i) determine as properties of each language, according to nine criteria - apposition, cross-reference, grammatical relations, agreement in the sentence, agreement of negation, expletives, grammatical gender; syntagmatic agreement; discontinuity; ii) compare languages in order to determine the properties that are shared between them. For this purpose, secondary data are taken as research material, extracted from the description, provided in grammars and theses by other authors, of the four languages (guajá, kamaiurá, kokama, kaiowá). From the opacity criteria proposed by Hengeveld (2011a), Leufkens (2015) and Hengeveld and Leufkens (2018), the features of each language are qualitatively determined, the results are compared in order to determine the properties that are shared between them. The results show the sharing of transparent and opaque features between the four languages, so that it is possible to achieve a general systematic characterization of the languages of the Tupi-Guarani family in the following aspects: they present a system of negation that manifests itself in different layers of the Interpersonal levels and Representational; they lack gender marking and verbal conjugation; present semantic (and non-syntactic) alignment, which characterizes active languages, that is, languages that distinguish the Active from the non-active (Inactive and Locative) argument, and not the syntactic function of subject and object, which implies a morphosyntactic alignment. Thus, this study allows to characterize the languages of the Tupi-Guarani family in terms of transparency / opacity traits. By describing and typologically characterizing these languages, this study contributes to further studies, as well as to their preservation.
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Palavras-chave
Transparência, Línguas Indígenas, Opacidade, Gramática Discursivo-Funcional, Família Tupi-Guarani, Tupi-Guarani family, Indigenous languages, Transparency, Opacity, Functional Discoursive Grammar