Inter-relações entre diversidade filogenética, estrutura da paisagem e redes de interações entre plantas e aves frugívoras
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Data
2020-02-28
Autores
Monteiro, Erison Carlos dos Santos
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Editor
Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
A dispersão de sementes é um dos principais processos responsaveis pela manutenção e regeneração das florestas tropicais. É através dela que um numero tão grande de espécies de plantas ocorrem nas florestas tropicais. Esta interação com vantagens mútuas ocorre a milhões de anos e gerando atributos cada vez mais eficientes em trazer nutrientes para os animais e qualidade de dispersão para as plantas. Por isso, buscamos entender se existe seleção por um dos lados da interação e como é possivel através de caracteristicas filogenéticas, entender a estrutura das redes mutualistas (cap.1). E como variações na quantidade de floresta e conectividade influenciam a diversidade filogenética e interações entre especies evolutivamente distintas, e o efeito disso na robustez das redes (cap.2). No primeiro capítulo, descobrimos que a diversidade filogenética das plantas, mais que a das aves está ligada a especialização nas redes de interações, o que sugere um efeito “button up” das plantas selecionando as interações com aves mais generalistas ao longo do tempo evolutivo. No segundo capítulo descobrimos que areas mais florestadas e mais conectadas mantém até 18 vezes mais diversidade filogenética e interações entre espécies evolutivamente distintas, o que tem grande efeito na robustez das redes de interações. Esses achados mostram a importancia das grandes florestas em manter informação evolutiva e consequentemente a saúde e a resistencia dos processos ecológicos contra as mudanças ambientais.
Seed dispersal is one of most important ecological process in tropical forests: most of the plant species depends on animals to disperse their seeds and a lot of vertebrates depend on essential nutritional resources obtained from fruits. These interactions have been occurring during millions of years and several different forces influenced the evolution to increase the diversity of interactions in the tropics. Here, using a great data set of feeding bouts of frugivorous birds on plants we tested how phylogenetic diversity drive the diversity of interactions and how phylogenetic relationships are associated to network specialization between plants and frugivorous birds (cap.1). And what is the effect of forest cover and landscape connectivity to the phylogenetic diversity (PD) of interacting birds and plants and the evolutionary distinctiveness of the interactions (EDi) between them, and (2) how EDi and plant/bird PD affect the robustness of the interaction networks (cap.2). In the first chapter we found that the phylogenetic diversity of plants is the driver of specialization in frugivory interactions, indicating an important bottom-up effect on the network specialization between plants and frugivorous birds. And in the second We found that more forested areas keep plant and bird PD and EDi that is 18 times greater than areas with lower forest cover. Landscape connectivity is an important factor to predict bird PD, but not plant PD, suggesting that seeds may not move among forest fragments as easily as birds. Furthermore, interactions networks of areas with higher PD and EDi had great robustness both to plant and bird simulated extinction, which is in favor of the importance of larger forested areas to keep evolutionary information and consequently the health and natural resistance of seed dispersal networks against environmental change.
Seed dispersal is one of most important ecological process in tropical forests: most of the plant species depends on animals to disperse their seeds and a lot of vertebrates depend on essential nutritional resources obtained from fruits. These interactions have been occurring during millions of years and several different forces influenced the evolution to increase the diversity of interactions in the tropics. Here, using a great data set of feeding bouts of frugivorous birds on plants we tested how phylogenetic diversity drive the diversity of interactions and how phylogenetic relationships are associated to network specialization between plants and frugivorous birds (cap.1). And what is the effect of forest cover and landscape connectivity to the phylogenetic diversity (PD) of interacting birds and plants and the evolutionary distinctiveness of the interactions (EDi) between them, and (2) how EDi and plant/bird PD affect the robustness of the interaction networks (cap.2). In the first chapter we found that the phylogenetic diversity of plants is the driver of specialization in frugivory interactions, indicating an important bottom-up effect on the network specialization between plants and frugivorous birds. And in the second We found that more forested areas keep plant and bird PD and EDi that is 18 times greater than areas with lower forest cover. Landscape connectivity is an important factor to predict bird PD, but not plant PD, suggesting that seeds may not move among forest fragments as easily as birds. Furthermore, interactions networks of areas with higher PD and EDi had great robustness both to plant and bird simulated extinction, which is in favor of the importance of larger forested areas to keep evolutionary information and consequently the health and natural resistance of seed dispersal networks against environmental change.
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Ecologia, Ecologia da paisagem, Mutualismo, Evolução, Landscape ecology, Ecology, Mutualism, Evolution