O discurso sobre o negro na historiografia e na etnografia do IHGB (1839-1925)
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Data
2021-04-30
Autores
Manhani, Luís Roberto
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Editor
Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
No século XIX brasileiro, o estudo histórico ganha importância, em parte, pelos projetos de construção da nação. Com isso, outras ciências, por vezes denominadas auxiliares, também ocupam espaço relevante nas discussões dos letrados, como é o caso da Etnografia. Interessado nessa questão, o presente trabalho procura investigar de que modo os saberes histórico e etnográfico tomaram o negro como objeto de estudo no Brasil escolhendo como lugar privilegiado de observação o Instituto Histórico e Geográfico Brasileiro (IHGB), fundado em 1838. Percorremos as páginas do principal meio de divulgação dos estudos e das ações do Instituto, a Revista do Instituto Histórico e Geográfico Brasileiro (RIHGB), editada a partir de 1839, para compreender quais discursos sobre o negro emergiram nessa produção de saberes e como suas formações estiveram vinculadas a uma reflexão sobre a historicidade da nação e a temporalidade destinada ao negro. O início de nosso recorte temporal foi determinado pelo primeiro artigo que menciona o negro, em 1839, no discurso inaugural da instituição, para então acompanharmos de que maneira o Instituto foi delimitando um lugar para o negro em uma relação dinâmica com as formulações próprias aos saberes. Foi possível mapear a produção de três temporalidades, a saber: a presença da ausência negra; a utilização pragmática da heroicização e de mecanismos necropolíticos; também, simultaneamente, o negro-escravo e uma nostalgia imperial marcados pelos impactos de acontecimentos como a Abolição da escravidão e a Proclamação da República. Finalizamos nossa investigação no ano de 1925, data da publicação do último texto que trata do negro na RIHGB antes do lançamento da obra Casa Grande & Senzala (1933), de Gilberto Freyre, a qual se tornou um marco nos estudos sobre o negro no Brasil, e da fundação das universidades de São Paulo e do então Distrito Federal, que possibilitaram, ao longo das décadas de 1930, 1940 e 1950, um deslocamento institucional e epistemológico, ainda que lento, dos estudos históricos.
In the 19th century in Brazil, historical study gains importance for the nation's construction projects. As a result, other sciences, sometimes called auxiliaries, also occupy a relevant space in the discussions of the learned, such as Ethnography. Interested in this issue, the present work investigates how the historical and ethnographic knowledge took the black as an object of study in Brazil, choosing as a privileged place of observation the Brazilian Historical and Geographic Institute, founded in 1838. We went through the pages of the main a means of disseminating the Institute's studies and actions, the Brazilian Historical and Geographic Institute Magazine, published since 1839, to understand which discourses about black people emerged in this production of knowledge and how their training was linked to a reflection about the nation's historicity and the temporality destined for black people in these publications. Our temporality was determined by the first article that mentions blacks in 1839, in the institution's inaugural speech, so that we can then follow how the Institute was delimiting a place for the Negro in a dynamic relationship with the formulations proper to knowledge. It was possible to map the production of three temporalities, namely: the presence of a black absence; the pragmatic use of heroicization and necropolitical mechanisms; and, simultaneously, also, the Negro-slave and an imperial nostalgia marked by the impacts of events such as the Abolition of slavery and the Proclamation of the Republic. We completed our investigation in 1925, the date of publication of the last text dealing with black people in the Brazilian Historical and Geographic Institute Magazine; before the publication of Casa Grande & Senzala (1933) by Gilberto Freyre, which became a landmark in studies on blacks in Brazil, and the foundation of the universities of São Paulo and the then Federal District, which made it possible over the decades of 1930, 1940 and 1950 an institutional and epistemological displacement, albeit slow, of historical studies
In the 19th century in Brazil, historical study gains importance for the nation's construction projects. As a result, other sciences, sometimes called auxiliaries, also occupy a relevant space in the discussions of the learned, such as Ethnography. Interested in this issue, the present work investigates how the historical and ethnographic knowledge took the black as an object of study in Brazil, choosing as a privileged place of observation the Brazilian Historical and Geographic Institute, founded in 1838. We went through the pages of the main a means of disseminating the Institute's studies and actions, the Brazilian Historical and Geographic Institute Magazine, published since 1839, to understand which discourses about black people emerged in this production of knowledge and how their training was linked to a reflection about the nation's historicity and the temporality destined for black people in these publications. Our temporality was determined by the first article that mentions blacks in 1839, in the institution's inaugural speech, so that we can then follow how the Institute was delimiting a place for the Negro in a dynamic relationship with the formulations proper to knowledge. It was possible to map the production of three temporalities, namely: the presence of a black absence; the pragmatic use of heroicization and necropolitical mechanisms; and, simultaneously, also, the Negro-slave and an imperial nostalgia marked by the impacts of events such as the Abolition of slavery and the Proclamation of the Republic. We completed our investigation in 1925, the date of publication of the last text dealing with black people in the Brazilian Historical and Geographic Institute Magazine; before the publication of Casa Grande & Senzala (1933) by Gilberto Freyre, which became a landmark in studies on blacks in Brazil, and the foundation of the universities of São Paulo and the then Federal District, which made it possible over the decades of 1930, 1940 and 1950 an institutional and epistemological displacement, albeit slow, of historical studies
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Palavras-chave
Historiografia, Etnografia, Negro, Instituto Histórico e Geográfico Brasileiro, Historiography, Ethnography, Black, Brazilian Historical and Geographic Institute