Determinação da evapotranspiração da cultura e coeficiente de cultivo do lúpulo em diferentes texturas de solo
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Data
2021-05-24
Autores
Sousa, Francielly Guieiro Gomes de [UNESP]
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Editor
Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
O lúpulo é uma cultura de alto valor comercial e elevado custo de produção. Mais de 90% do produto colhido é destinado à indústria cervejeira. O Brasil é um dos maiores produtores de cerveja do mundo, importando quase que a totalidade do lúpulo utilizado. Devido à grande demanda industrial e à expansão das cervejarias artesanais, alguns produtores, principalmente do Sul e Sudeste do país, vêm tentando introduzir a cultura do lúpulo em sua região. Universidades e Centros de Pesquisa, iniciaram estudos com a finalidade de tornar o país um produtor de lúpulo. Considerando a importância dos recursos hídricos nas atividades agrícolas, a demanda considerável de água pelos cultivares de lúpulo, relatada em países produtores, e a falta de informações do cultivo no Brasil, o objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar a evapotranspiração da cultura (ETc) e coeficientes de cultivo (Kc) do variedade Cascade, cultivado em solos com diferentes texturas. O experimento foi desenvolvido no Departamento de Bioprocessos e Biotecnologia da Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas da Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”, Campus de Botucatu, no período de 22 de setembro de 2018 a 27 de fevereiro de 2019, em ambiente protegido. O delineamento foi realizado em esquema experimental inteiramente casualizado, com três tratamentos (cultivo em solos argiloso, médio e arenoso), sendo 10 plantas por tratamento. Para determinar a ETc, foram instalados lisímetros de lençol freático constante. O Kc foi calculado a partir da relação entre (ETc) e a evapotranspiração de referência (ETo) estimada pelo método de Penman - Monteith. As avaliações das plantas realizadas foram: diâmetro, massa fresca e seca, produtividade, trocas gasosas, eficiência do uso da água e teores de alfa e beta ácidos. Os resultados mostram que o cultivo em solo argiloso, devido a maior capacidade de retenção de água, obteve maior eficiência no uso da água (EUA) e melhor produtividade, apresentando demanda total evapotranspirativa de 1.294,23 mm, sendo que nos demais solos essa demanda foi de 1.347,25 mm para o solo médio e 1.247,71 mm no solo arenoso, durante os 159 dias do experimento. O coeficiente de cultivo variou consideravelmente nas três texturas de solo e principalmente entre as fases de desenvolvimento da planta, os valores encontrados nas fases inicial, crescimento rápido, crescimento médio e final foram, (1,4; 2,73; 2,16 e 1,09); (1,27; 2,31; 2,63 e 1,88) e (1,09; 2,31; 2,49 e 1,97) para os solos de textura arenosa, média e argilosa, respectivamente. Plantas cultivadas em solo de textura média e argilosa presentaram os maiores valores para alfa e beta ácidos.
Hops are a crop with high commercial and production value. Over 90% of the harvested product is destined for the beer industry. Brazil is one of the largest beer producers in the world, which imports almost all the hops used in the production of the product. Due to the great industrial demand and the expansion of craft breweries, some producers, mainly from the South and Southeast of Brazil, have been trying to introduce the culture in their region. However, not every planting is successful; with production yields recommended by countries have a tradition in production, due to climatic conditions, soil differences and adaptation of the plant and its varieties. Universities and Research Centers in Brazil are starting research to make the country a producer of hops to contribute to the economy. Considering the importance of water resources in agricultural activities, the considerable demand for water by hop cultivars, reported in producing countries, and the lack of information on crop cultivation in Brazil, the objective of this work was to determine the evapotranspiration of the crop (ETc ), cultivation coefficients (Kc) to develop the hop culture of the Cascade variety, grown in soils with different textures. The cultivation of hops was conducted at the Department of Bioprocesses and Biotechnology, School of Agricultural Science, São Paulo State University “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”, Botucatu campus, from September 22, 2018, to February 27, 2019, in an environment cultivation. The design was carried out in a completely randomized experimental scheme, with 3 treatments (cultivation in clayey, medium and sandy soil), 10 plants per treatment. The Kc was calculated from the relationship between (ETc) and the reference evapotranspiration (ETo) estimated by the Penman-Monteith method. The evaluations of the plants carried out were: diameter, fresh and dry mass, productivity, gas exchange, water use efficiency and levels of alpha and beta acids. The results show that the cultivation in clayey soil, due to its greater capacity of water retention, obtained greater efficiency in the use of water (USA) and better productivity, presenting total evapotranspirative demand of 1,294.23 mm, being that the remaining soils demand was 1,347.25 mm for medium soil and 1247.71 mm for sandy soil, during the 159 days of the experiment. The cultivation coefficient varied considerably in the three soil textures and mainly between the stages of plant development, the values found in the initial, rapid growth, medium and final growth stages were (1,4; 2,73; 2,16 and 1.09); (1,27; 2,31; 2,63 and 1.88) and (1,09; 2,31; 2,49 and 1,97) for sandy, medium and clayey soils, respectively. Plants grown in medium and clayey soils showed the highest values for alpha and beta acids.
Hops are a crop with high commercial and production value. Over 90% of the harvested product is destined for the beer industry. Brazil is one of the largest beer producers in the world, which imports almost all the hops used in the production of the product. Due to the great industrial demand and the expansion of craft breweries, some producers, mainly from the South and Southeast of Brazil, have been trying to introduce the culture in their region. However, not every planting is successful; with production yields recommended by countries have a tradition in production, due to climatic conditions, soil differences and adaptation of the plant and its varieties. Universities and Research Centers in Brazil are starting research to make the country a producer of hops to contribute to the economy. Considering the importance of water resources in agricultural activities, the considerable demand for water by hop cultivars, reported in producing countries, and the lack of information on crop cultivation in Brazil, the objective of this work was to determine the evapotranspiration of the crop (ETc ), cultivation coefficients (Kc) to develop the hop culture of the Cascade variety, grown in soils with different textures. The cultivation of hops was conducted at the Department of Bioprocesses and Biotechnology, School of Agricultural Science, São Paulo State University “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”, Botucatu campus, from September 22, 2018, to February 27, 2019, in an environment cultivation. The design was carried out in a completely randomized experimental scheme, with 3 treatments (cultivation in clayey, medium and sandy soil), 10 plants per treatment. The Kc was calculated from the relationship between (ETc) and the reference evapotranspiration (ETo) estimated by the Penman-Monteith method. The evaluations of the plants carried out were: diameter, fresh and dry mass, productivity, gas exchange, water use efficiency and levels of alpha and beta acids. The results show that the cultivation in clayey soil, due to its greater capacity of water retention, obtained greater efficiency in the use of water (USA) and better productivity, presenting total evapotranspirative demand of 1,294.23 mm, being that the remaining soils demand was 1,347.25 mm for medium soil and 1247.71 mm for sandy soil, during the 159 days of the experiment. The cultivation coefficient varied considerably in the three soil textures and mainly between the stages of plant development, the values found in the initial, rapid growth, medium and final growth stages were (1,4; 2,73; 2,16 and 1.09); (1,27; 2,31; 2,63 and 1.88) and (1,09; 2,31; 2,49 and 1,97) for sandy, medium and clayey soils, respectively. Plants grown in medium and clayey soils showed the highest values for alpha and beta acids.
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Palavras-chave
Demanda hídrica, Humulus lupulus, Lisímetro de lençol freático constante, Indústria cervejeira, Water demand, Lysimeter of constant groundwater, Brewery