Acesso à justiça em questões de direitos sociais relativos à população de rua: moradia, alimentação e saúde - o modelo brasileiro e o modelo português.
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Data
2021-05-28
Autores
Carvalho, Tiago Fernando Guedes de
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
A população em situação de rua sofre de estigmatização social, além disso, sofre com a negligência da sociedade e do Estado. A ordem jurídica estabelecida pela Constituição Federal de 1988 apresenta um rol de Direitos Sociais os quais devem representar prestações positivas do Estado. Contudo, observa-se que tais direitos são carentes de eficácia prática, afetando toda a população, com impacto maior nas populações em condições de vulnerabilidade social, como é o caso do grupo em questão. Esta exclusão social vem se aprofundando nos últimos anos e na mesma medida o número de pessoas em situação de rua. O crescimento dessa população está ocorrendo de maneira vertiginosa, não só no contexto brasileiro, como também no contexto dos países europeus. Ao mesmo tempo que ocorre esse crescimento, também crescem as relações conflituosas que se exteriorizam na forma da violência e negligência sofrida pelas pessoas em situação de rua. É o que se observa das medidas tomadas tanto por particulares, que por meio da chamada “arquitetura hostil” buscam coibir a permanência e o uso determinados espaço e aparelhos urbanísticos pelas pessoas em situação de rua. A invisibilidade que atinge essa população é seletiva, uma vez que para a atuação violenta e opressiva esta população é vista como alvo, porém, para esfera protetivas e assecuratória de direitos é esquecida. Sendo assim, ocorre busca do judiciário para se assegurar os direitos socais, seja pela via de ações coletivas ou individuais. Nesse ponto, outra problemática é verificada, qual seja: a dificuldade de acesso à justiça em suas diversas formas, inclusive, naquela consubstanciada no acesso ao judiciário e em suas etapas posteriores até a final prestação da jurisdição. O presente trabalho se faz mister pois busca avaliar o conteúdo de decisões judiciais emanadas pelo judiciário paulista nas demandas em que são partes pessoas em situação de rua no pleito pelos direitos sociais de moradia, saúde e alimentação. As análises levaram em conta, por meio de pesquisa empírica, com a utilização de métodos quantitativos e qualitativos, não somente os dispositivos decisórios, mas também, o mérito dos pedidos formulados e a conformidade com a concretização dos direitos sociais constitucionalmente previstos. Portanto, o estudo se coloca na seara de análise da judicialização e da elaboração de políticas públicas adequadas. Inicialmente, verificou-se, por meio da exploração ao banco de processos do tribunal que, majoritariamente, os processos envolvendo as pessoas em situação de rua são de natureza criminal, o que deixa latente que o acesso à justiça por esta população ocorre, mormente, pela esfera punitiva do Estado. No tocante ao perfil traçado, verificou-se que o direito à moradia de uma forma geral é pleiteado por pessoas com perfil vulnerável, contudo, mesmo diante de casos envolvendo pessoas em situação de rua e na insuficiência de políticas públicas, o Tribunal de Justiça de São Paulo demonstra a tendência de considerar este direito como meramente programático. Já em relação aos casos envolvendo o direito à saúde, verifica-se que existe uma jurisprudência nacional fortemente marcada pela exigibilidade individual e coletiva deste direito. Porém, quando enquadrado em relação as pessoas em situação de rua, observa-se a predominância de caso judiciais buscando a internação compulsória. O que pode demonstrar a forma inadequada com que a questão da população em situação de rua e o direito à saúde é subsumida a uma política de segurança pública. Buscando tornar o trabalho mais concatenado com outros contextos nacionais, e levando-se em conta as semelhanças entre a Constituição brasileira de 1988 e a Constituição portuguesa de 1976, principalmente, no tocante aos direitos sociais, analisou-se no contexto português como ocorre a dinâmica do acesso à justiça e como são assegurados os direitos sociais das pessoas em situação de rua naquele país. Esta análise levou a observação da política pública desenvolvida pela Câmara Municipal de Lisboa para a proteção da pessoa em situação de rua.
The homeless population suffers from social stigmatization and suffers from the negligence of society and the State. The legal order established by the Federal Constitution of 1988 presents a list of Social Rights that should represent positive benefits from the State. However, it is observed that such rights are lacking in practical effectiveness, affecting the entire population, with greater impact on populations in conditions of social vulnerability, as is the case of the group in question. This social exclusion has been deepening in recent years and, to the same extent, the number of people living on the streets has increased. The growth of this population is occurring in a vertiginous way, not only in the Brazilian context but also in the context of European countries. At the same time that this growth occurs, the conflicting relationships that are exteriorized in the form of violence and neglect suffered by people living on the streets are also increasing. This is what can be observed in the measures taken both by individuals, who through the so-called "hostile architecture" seek to curb the permanence and use of certain urban spaces and devices by people living on the streets. The invisibility that reaches this population is selective since for the violent and oppressive actions this population is seen as targets, but for the protective and right-securing sphere, they are not considered. Thus, the judiciary is sought to ensure social rights, whether through collective or individual actions. At this point, another problem is verified, which is: the difficulty of access to justice in its various forms, including that embodied in access to the judiciary and its subsequent stages until the final provision of jurisdiction. The present work is necessary because it seeks to evaluate the content of court decisions issued by the judiciary of São Paulo in lawsuits in which homeless people are parties in the claim for social rights to housing, health, and food. The analysis took into account, through empirical research, with the use of quantitative and qualitative methods, not only the decision provisions but also the merit of the requests made and the conformity with the realization of social rights constitutionally provided. Therefore, the study is part of the analysis of judicialization and the elaboration of adequate public policies. Initially, it was verified through the exploration of the court's case database that most of the cases involving homeless people are criminal, which makes it latent that the access to justice by this population occurs mainly by the punitive sphere of the State. Regarding the profile traced, it was verified that the right to housing, in general, is claimed by people with vulnerable profiles, however, even facing cases involving homeless people and the insufficiency of public policies, the Court of Justice of São Paulo shows the tendency to consider this right as merely programmatic. Concerning cases involving the right to health, it is verified that there is a national jurisprudence strongly marked by the individual and collective actions of this right. However, when framed about homeless people, there is a predominance of judicial cases seeking compulsory internment. What can demonstrate the inadequate way in which the issue of the homeless population and the right to health is subsumed to a public security policy. Seeking to make the work more concatenated with other national contexts, and taking into account the similarities between the Brazilian Constitution of 1988 and the Portuguese Constitution of 1976, especially concerning social rights, it was analyzed in the Portuguese context how the dynamics of access to justice occurs and how the social rights of homeless people are ensured in that country. This analysis led to the observation of the public policy developed by the Municipality of Lisbon for the protection of homeless people.
The homeless population suffers from social stigmatization and suffers from the negligence of society and the State. The legal order established by the Federal Constitution of 1988 presents a list of Social Rights that should represent positive benefits from the State. However, it is observed that such rights are lacking in practical effectiveness, affecting the entire population, with greater impact on populations in conditions of social vulnerability, as is the case of the group in question. This social exclusion has been deepening in recent years and, to the same extent, the number of people living on the streets has increased. The growth of this population is occurring in a vertiginous way, not only in the Brazilian context but also in the context of European countries. At the same time that this growth occurs, the conflicting relationships that are exteriorized in the form of violence and neglect suffered by people living on the streets are also increasing. This is what can be observed in the measures taken both by individuals, who through the so-called "hostile architecture" seek to curb the permanence and use of certain urban spaces and devices by people living on the streets. The invisibility that reaches this population is selective since for the violent and oppressive actions this population is seen as targets, but for the protective and right-securing sphere, they are not considered. Thus, the judiciary is sought to ensure social rights, whether through collective or individual actions. At this point, another problem is verified, which is: the difficulty of access to justice in its various forms, including that embodied in access to the judiciary and its subsequent stages until the final provision of jurisdiction. The present work is necessary because it seeks to evaluate the content of court decisions issued by the judiciary of São Paulo in lawsuits in which homeless people are parties in the claim for social rights to housing, health, and food. The analysis took into account, through empirical research, with the use of quantitative and qualitative methods, not only the decision provisions but also the merit of the requests made and the conformity with the realization of social rights constitutionally provided. Therefore, the study is part of the analysis of judicialization and the elaboration of adequate public policies. Initially, it was verified through the exploration of the court's case database that most of the cases involving homeless people are criminal, which makes it latent that the access to justice by this population occurs mainly by the punitive sphere of the State. Regarding the profile traced, it was verified that the right to housing, in general, is claimed by people with vulnerable profiles, however, even facing cases involving homeless people and the insufficiency of public policies, the Court of Justice of São Paulo shows the tendency to consider this right as merely programmatic. Concerning cases involving the right to health, it is verified that there is a national jurisprudence strongly marked by the individual and collective actions of this right. However, when framed about homeless people, there is a predominance of judicial cases seeking compulsory internment. What can demonstrate the inadequate way in which the issue of the homeless population and the right to health is subsumed to a public security policy. Seeking to make the work more concatenated with other national contexts, and taking into account the similarities between the Brazilian Constitution of 1988 and the Portuguese Constitution of 1976, especially concerning social rights, it was analyzed in the Portuguese context how the dynamics of access to justice occurs and how the social rights of homeless people are ensured in that country. This analysis led to the observation of the public policy developed by the Municipality of Lisbon for the protection of homeless people.
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Palavras-chave
Direito Constitucional, Direitos Sociais, Políticas Pública, Acesso à Justiça, População em Situação de Rua, Constitutional Law, Social rights, Public Policies, Access to justice, Homeless Population