Caracterização do aquecimento pré-jogo de equipes de elite do futsal brasileiro
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Data
2021-07-30
Autores
Goncalves, Beatriz
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
O aquecimento é um procedimento amplamente utilizado antes do exercício físico e do esporte, com o objetivo de otimizar o desempenho do treinamento ou competição, e prevenir lesões. O objetivo desse estudo foi analisar a estrutura do aquecimento pré-jogo de equipes de elite do futsal do Brasil. Trata-se de um estudo descritivo realizado mediante pesquisa observacional do aquecimento de vinte equipes que disputam a principal competição nacional da elite do futsal brasileiro. Os aquecimentos pré-jogos foram filmados antes de jogos oficiais e, posteriormente, foram analisados quantitativa e qualitativamente pelos métodos de duração e contagem. As categorias de exercícios foram apresentadas em valores relativos, e a sequência e o conteúdo dos exercícios foram analisados, assim como a duração dos mesmos. A duração de cada categoria de exercício nos aquecimentos foi analisada através da análise de variância one-way, com teste pos hoc de Bonferroni. Os tamanhos dos efeitos foram calculados ao quadrado (ƞ2) para interpretar as diferenças estatísticas na ANOVA, e o índice dos tamanhos dos efeitos foi classificado como pequeno (ƞ2 ≤ 0,059), médio (0,059 < ƞ2 ≤ 0,138), e grande (ƞ2 > 0,138). O nível de significância foi considerado p < 0,05. O aquecimento das equipes teve em média duração de 20,3 ± 3,6, variando entre 14,4 e 27,2 min. As habilidades motoras abertas ocorreram em maior proporção (54%), com exercícios técnicos e de chute ao gol com e sem oposição representando 45% de todo aquecimento. A análise de variância revelou que Chutes ao Gol sem Oposição, as ações técnicas (Ações Técnicas sem Oposição), e os Jogos em Campo Reduzido apresentaram duração significantemente maior do que Exercícios de Mobilidade Geral (p = 0,004; p =0,006; e p = 0,011, respectivamente) e Alongamento Dinâmico (p < 0,001) (ƞ2 = 0,33, ES = grande), demonstrando que as equipes priorizaram as ações específicas com bola. Dentre as habilidades motoras fechadas, os Alongamentos Estáticos apresentaram maior proporção (17%) e duração (3,6 min) superior aos Alongamentos Dinâmicos (3%, 0,9 min). Em relação à sequência dos exercícios, os de Mobilidade Geral ocorreram mais ao início dos aquecimentos seguido pelos Alongamentos Estáticos, enquanto no meio do aquecimento predominaram Alongamentos Dinâmicos, Jogo em Campo Reduzido e as ações técnicas (Ações Técnicas sem Oposição), tendo em sequência na parte final do aquecimento, o Chute ao Gol sem Oposição e Chute ao Gol com Oposição. Nem todas as categorias de exercícios foram realizadas em todos os aquecimentos, no entanto, Alongamento Estático, Ações Técnicas sem Oposição, Exercícios de Mobilidade Geral, Jogo em Campo Reduzido e Exercícios de Mobilidade Específicos foram repetidos ao longo dos aquecimentos por mais de uma vez. Em relação aos aquecimentos observados, as medidas corretas compreenderam a progressão da intensidade, exercícios moderados para mais intensos, os exercícios mais intensos e específicos foram realizados ao final do aquecimento Chute ao Gol com Oposição e Chute ao Gol sem Oposição), no entanto, alguns procedimentos não apresentaram respaldo em evidências na literatura: os Alongamentos Estáticos predominaram sobre os Alongamentos Dinâmicos, o tempo de metade dos aquecimentos foi acima de 20 min, algumas categorias de exercícios foram repetidas por mais de duas vezes durante o aquecimento. Baseado nos aquecimentos analisados e nas evidências da literatura, nós propomos um modelo de aquecimento para o futsal, considerando: duração de 18 min com duas pausas para hidratação e recuperação em seu decorrer, não repetindo categorias de exercícios mais de duas vezes; equilíbrio entre Alongamento Estático e Alongamentos Dinâmicos; Alongamento Estático ao início do aquecimento e com duração de 15s; sequência progressiva de intensidade, iniciando com habilidades motoras fechadas (38% = Exercícios de Mobilidade Geral – Alongamentos Estáticos – Alongamentos Dinâmicos – Exercícios de Mobilidade Específicos - pausa), e evoluindo para habilidades motoras abertas (62% = Ações Técnicas sem Oposição – Jogos em Campo Reduzido - pausa), e finalizando com Chutes ao Gol sem Oposição – Chute ao Gol com Oposição.
Warming up is a widely used procedure before physical exercise and sport, with the aim of optimizing the performance of training or competition, and preventing injuries. The aim of this study was to analyze the structure of the pre-game warm-up of elite futsal teams in Brazil. This is a descriptive study carried out through observational research on the warm-up of twenty teams that compete in the main national competition of the elite of Brazilian futsal. The pregame warm-ups were filmed before official games and, subsequently, were analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively by the methods of duration and counting. The exercise categories were presented in relative values, and the sequence and content of the exercises were analyzed, as well as their duration. The duration of each exercise category in the warm-ups was analyzed using one-way analysis of variance, with Bonferroni's pos hoc test. Effect sizes were squared (ƞ2) to interpret statistical differences on the ANOVA, and the effect size index was classified as small (ƞ2 ≤ 0.059), medium (0.059 < ƞ2 ≤ 0.138), and large (ƞ2 > 0.138). The level of significance was considered p < 0.05. The teams' warm-up had an average duration of 20.3 ± 3.6, ranging between 14.4 and 27.2 min. Open motor skills occurred in greater proportion (54%), with technical exercises and kick-to-goal with and without opposition representing 45% of all warm-up. The analysis of variance revealed that Shots on Goal without Opposition, technical actions (Game Techniques without Opposition), and Games in Reduced Field had significantly longer duration than General Mobility Exercises (p = 0.004; p =0.006; ep = 0.011, respectively) and dynamic stretching (p < 0.001) (ƞ2 = 0.33, ES = large), demonstrating that the teams prioritized specific actions with the ball.Among the closed motor skills, Static Stretches had a higher proportion (17%) and duration (3.6 min) greater than Dynamic Stretches (3%, 0.9 min). Regarding the sequence of exercises, those of General Mobility, occurred more at the beginning of the warm-ups, followed by Static Stretches, while in the middle of the warmup, Dynamic Stretches, Game in Reduced Field and technical actions (Game Techniques Without Opposition) predominated, in sequence in the final part of the warm-up, the Kick to Goal without Opposition and Kick to the Goal with Opposition. Not all exercise categories were performed in every warm-up, however, Static Stretching, Unopposed Play Techniques, General Mobility Exercises, Low-Field Play, and Specific Mobility Exercises were repeated throughout the warm-ups more than once. Regarding the warm-ups observed, the correct measures included the progression of intensity, moderate to more intense exercises, the most intense and specific exercises were performed at the end of the warm-up Kick to Goal with Opposition and Kick to Goal without Opposition), however, some procedures were not supported by evidence in the literature: Static Stretching predominated over Dynamic Stretching, half the warm-up time was over 20 min, some exercise categories were repeated more than twice during the warm-up. Based on the warm-ups analyzed and evidence from the literature, we propose a warm-up model for futsal, considering: duration of 18 min with two breaks for hydration and recovery during its course, not repeating exercise categories more than twice; balance between Static Stretching and Dynamic Stretching; Static stretching at the beginning of the warm-up and lasting 15s; progressive sequence of intensity, starting with closed motor skills (38% = General Mobility Exercises - Static Stretches - Dynamic Stretches - Specific Mobility Exercises - pause), and evolving to open motor skills (62% = Unopposed Game Techniques - Games in Reduced Field - pause), and finishing with Chutes ao Goal without Opposition – Chute ao Goal with Opposition. Based on the warm-ups analyzed and evidence from the literature, we propose a warm-up model for futsal, considering: duration of 18 min with two breaks for hydration and recovery during its course, not repeating exercise categories more than twice; balance between Static Stretching and Dynamic Stretching; Static stretching at the beginning of the warm-up and lasting 15s; progressive sequence of intensity, starting with closed motor skills (38% = General Mobility Exercises - Static Stretches - Dynamic Stretches - Specific Mobility Exercises - pause), and evolving to open motor skills (62% = Unopposed Game Techniques - Games in Reduced Field - pause), and finishing with Chutes ao Goal without Opposition – Chute ao Goal with Oppositio
Warming up is a widely used procedure before physical exercise and sport, with the aim of optimizing the performance of training or competition, and preventing injuries. The aim of this study was to analyze the structure of the pre-game warm-up of elite futsal teams in Brazil. This is a descriptive study carried out through observational research on the warm-up of twenty teams that compete in the main national competition of the elite of Brazilian futsal. The pregame warm-ups were filmed before official games and, subsequently, were analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively by the methods of duration and counting. The exercise categories were presented in relative values, and the sequence and content of the exercises were analyzed, as well as their duration. The duration of each exercise category in the warm-ups was analyzed using one-way analysis of variance, with Bonferroni's pos hoc test. Effect sizes were squared (ƞ2) to interpret statistical differences on the ANOVA, and the effect size index was classified as small (ƞ2 ≤ 0.059), medium (0.059 < ƞ2 ≤ 0.138), and large (ƞ2 > 0.138). The level of significance was considered p < 0.05. The teams' warm-up had an average duration of 20.3 ± 3.6, ranging between 14.4 and 27.2 min. Open motor skills occurred in greater proportion (54%), with technical exercises and kick-to-goal with and without opposition representing 45% of all warm-up. The analysis of variance revealed that Shots on Goal without Opposition, technical actions (Game Techniques without Opposition), and Games in Reduced Field had significantly longer duration than General Mobility Exercises (p = 0.004; p =0.006; ep = 0.011, respectively) and dynamic stretching (p < 0.001) (ƞ2 = 0.33, ES = large), demonstrating that the teams prioritized specific actions with the ball.Among the closed motor skills, Static Stretches had a higher proportion (17%) and duration (3.6 min) greater than Dynamic Stretches (3%, 0.9 min). Regarding the sequence of exercises, those of General Mobility, occurred more at the beginning of the warm-ups, followed by Static Stretches, while in the middle of the warmup, Dynamic Stretches, Game in Reduced Field and technical actions (Game Techniques Without Opposition) predominated, in sequence in the final part of the warm-up, the Kick to Goal without Opposition and Kick to the Goal with Opposition. Not all exercise categories were performed in every warm-up, however, Static Stretching, Unopposed Play Techniques, General Mobility Exercises, Low-Field Play, and Specific Mobility Exercises were repeated throughout the warm-ups more than once. Regarding the warm-ups observed, the correct measures included the progression of intensity, moderate to more intense exercises, the most intense and specific exercises were performed at the end of the warm-up Kick to Goal with Opposition and Kick to Goal without Opposition), however, some procedures were not supported by evidence in the literature: Static Stretching predominated over Dynamic Stretching, half the warm-up time was over 20 min, some exercise categories were repeated more than twice during the warm-up. Based on the warm-ups analyzed and evidence from the literature, we propose a warm-up model for futsal, considering: duration of 18 min with two breaks for hydration and recovery during its course, not repeating exercise categories more than twice; balance between Static Stretching and Dynamic Stretching; Static stretching at the beginning of the warm-up and lasting 15s; progressive sequence of intensity, starting with closed motor skills (38% = General Mobility Exercises - Static Stretches - Dynamic Stretches - Specific Mobility Exercises - pause), and evolving to open motor skills (62% = Unopposed Game Techniques - Games in Reduced Field - pause), and finishing with Chutes ao Goal without Opposition – Chute ao Goal with Opposition. Based on the warm-ups analyzed and evidence from the literature, we propose a warm-up model for futsal, considering: duration of 18 min with two breaks for hydration and recovery during its course, not repeating exercise categories more than twice; balance between Static Stretching and Dynamic Stretching; Static stretching at the beginning of the warm-up and lasting 15s; progressive sequence of intensity, starting with closed motor skills (38% = General Mobility Exercises - Static Stretches - Dynamic Stretches - Specific Mobility Exercises - pause), and evolving to open motor skills (62% = Unopposed Game Techniques - Games in Reduced Field - pause), and finishing with Chutes ao Goal without Opposition – Chute ao Goal with Oppositio
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Análise de Desempenho, Aquecimento, Esporte coletivo, Futsal, Performance analysis, Heating, Team sport