Aspectos parasitológicos e sanitários de tamanduás-bandeira (Myrmecophaga tridactyla) de vida livre
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2021-05-17
Autores
Cesário, Clarice Silva
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
O tamanduá-bandeira (Myrmecophaga tridactyla) é vulnerável à extinção em várias escalas e tem sido crescente alvo de pesquisas nas últimas décadas. Nossos objetivos gerais com este trabalho foram (1) discutir sobre as variações dos parâmetros fisiológicos de tamanduás-bandeira de vida livre anestesiados, (2) caracterizar seu estado de saúde a partir de exames sanguíneos e infestação de parasitas, e (3) estudar a taxonomia de nematódeos do gênero Aspidodera encontrados em um dos indivíduos. As capturas e imobilizações de nove tamanduás-bandeira ocorreram em uma área protegida de bioma Cerrado no estado de São Paulo, sudeste do Brasil, entre 2014 e 2015, com uso da associação de cetamina, midazolam e xilazina, além de atropina e ioimbina. Os animais apresentaram bradipneia, bom relaxamento muscular e estabilidade dos parâmetros fisiológicos ao longo do monitoramento anestésico. A temperatura do ar e a corporal tiveram queda durante o monitoramento e correlacionaram-se positivamente. Os exames sanguíneos demonstraram eritrocitose, trombocitopenia, hemácias microcíticas e hipocrômicas, leucopenia, eosinofilia, alta concentração de LDH, ALT, AST, ureia, ácido úrico e triglicérides, além de baixas taxas de lipase, amilase, creatinina e fosfatase alcalina. Das quatro espécies de carrapatos identificadas, Amblyomma sculptum, A. nodosum e A. calcaratum foram encontradas frequentemente nos indivíduos, enquanto A. parvum, ocorreu em apenas um. Dos morfotipos de ovos/oocistos de parasitas gastrointestinais encontrados nas fezes, os de maior prevalência foram Trychostrongylidae, Aspidodera spp. e Apicomplexa. Mas além desses, identificamos Ascaridoidea, Trichuris spp. e Physaloptera spp. Apenas um tamanduá-bandeira mostrou-se positivo para o hemoparasita Mycoplasma spp. Todos testaram negativo para os demais agentes investigados (Ehrlichia canis, E. chaffeensis, Anaplasma spp. e Hepatozoon spp.). Redescrevemos duas espécies de Aspidodera, A. fasciata e A. scoleciformis, a partir de estruturas de machos e fêmeas, as comparamos com as congenéricas encontradas em Xenarthra e incluímos A. fasciata na filogenia molecular do grupo. Descrevemos uma nova espécie de Aspidodera a partir de dois espécimes fêmeas com uso de microscopia eletrônica e criamos uma nova chave de identificação para o gênero. Este estudo traz informações inéditas para a espécie e um alerta para o limitado conhecimento sobre saúde e parasitismo de tamanduás-bandeira de vida livre.
The giant anteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla) is vulnerable to extinction at various scales and has been a growing research target in recent decades. Our general objectives with this work were (1) to discuss about the variations in physiological parameters of anesthetized free-living giant anteaters, (2) characterize their health status from blood exams and parasite infestation, and (3) to study the taxonomy of nematodes from Aspidodera genus found in one of the individuals. The captures and immobilizations of nine giant anteaters occurred in a protected area of the Cerrado biome in São Paulo state, Southeastern Brazil, between 2014 and 2015, using the combination of ketamine, midazolam and xylazine, in addition to atropine and yohimbine. The animals presented bradypnea, good muscle relaxation and physiological parameters stability during anesthetic monitoring. Air and body temperature decreased during the monitoring and were positively correlated. Blood exams showed erythrocytosis, thrombocytopenia, microcytic and hypochromic red blood cells, leucopenia, eosinophilia, high concentration of LDH, ALT, AST, urea, uric acid and triglycerides, in addition to low rates of lipase, amylase, creatinine and alkaline phosphatase. Of the four tick species identified, Amblyomma sculptum, A. nodosum and A. calcaratum were frequently found on the individuals, while A. parvum occurred in only one. Of the egg/oocysts morphotypes of gastrointestinal parasites found in feces, the most prevalent were Trychostrongylidae, Aspidodera spp. and Apicomplexa. In addition to these, we identified Ascaridoidea, Trichuris spp. and Physaloptera spp. Only one giant anteater was positive for the hemoparasite Mycoplasma spp. All of them tested negative for the other agents investigated (Ehrlichia canis, E. chaffeensis, Anaplasma spp. and Hepatozoon spp.). We redescribed two species of Aspidodera, A. fasciata and A. scoleciformis, from male and female structures, compared them with the congeneric ones found in Xenarthra and included A. fasciata in the molecular phylogeny of the group. We described a new species of Aspidodera from two female specimens using electron microscopy and created a new identification key for the genus. This study brings unprecedented information for the species and an alert to the limited knowledge about health and parasitism of free-living giant anteaters.
The giant anteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla) is vulnerable to extinction at various scales and has been a growing research target in recent decades. Our general objectives with this work were (1) to discuss about the variations in physiological parameters of anesthetized free-living giant anteaters, (2) characterize their health status from blood exams and parasite infestation, and (3) to study the taxonomy of nematodes from Aspidodera genus found in one of the individuals. The captures and immobilizations of nine giant anteaters occurred in a protected area of the Cerrado biome in São Paulo state, Southeastern Brazil, between 2014 and 2015, using the combination of ketamine, midazolam and xylazine, in addition to atropine and yohimbine. The animals presented bradypnea, good muscle relaxation and physiological parameters stability during anesthetic monitoring. Air and body temperature decreased during the monitoring and were positively correlated. Blood exams showed erythrocytosis, thrombocytopenia, microcytic and hypochromic red blood cells, leucopenia, eosinophilia, high concentration of LDH, ALT, AST, urea, uric acid and triglycerides, in addition to low rates of lipase, amylase, creatinine and alkaline phosphatase. Of the four tick species identified, Amblyomma sculptum, A. nodosum and A. calcaratum were frequently found on the individuals, while A. parvum occurred in only one. Of the egg/oocysts morphotypes of gastrointestinal parasites found in feces, the most prevalent were Trychostrongylidae, Aspidodera spp. and Apicomplexa. In addition to these, we identified Ascaridoidea, Trichuris spp. and Physaloptera spp. Only one giant anteater was positive for the hemoparasite Mycoplasma spp. All of them tested negative for the other agents investigated (Ehrlichia canis, E. chaffeensis, Anaplasma spp. and Hepatozoon spp.). We redescribed two species of Aspidodera, A. fasciata and A. scoleciformis, from male and female structures, compared them with the congeneric ones found in Xenarthra and included A. fasciata in the molecular phylogeny of the group. We described a new species of Aspidodera from two female specimens using electron microscopy and created a new identification key for the genus. This study brings unprecedented information for the species and an alert to the limited knowledge about health and parasitism of free-living giant anteaters.
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Palavras-chave
Medicina da conservação, Tamanduá-bandeira, Parasitismo, Imobilização animal, Taxonomia integrativa, Conservation medicine, Giant anteater, Parasitism, Animal immobilization, Integrative taxonomy