Materiais para impressão 3D no desenvolvimento de próteses de membro superior: análise do desempenho mecânico e funcional
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Data
2021-09-15
Autores
Figliolia, Amanda Coelho
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Editor
Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
A amputação possui impacto direto tanto no desempenho de atividades diárias de um indivíduo quanto na forma como ele é visto perante a sociedade e por si próprio. Uma forma de minimizar esse impacto é com o uso de próteses ortopédicas, dispositivos de Tecnologia Assistiva que auxiliam seu usuário a ter uma maior independência. Por serem dispositivos específicos para cada usuário, as próteses devem ser personalizadas e desenvolvidas considerando aspectos práticos, estéticos e simbólicos, envolvendo diferentes áreas de conhecimento. Atualmente, uma das crescentes formas de desenvolvimento de próteses personalizadas é através dos arquivos virtuais CAD, modelos virtuais que podem ser criados ou encontrados em plataformas virtuais e prototipados através da impressão 3D. Embora seja um campo em crescimento, poucos estudos puderam ser encontrados sobre os parâmetros ergonômicos e de impressão 3D, juntamente com estudos avaliando as propriedades mecânicas das próteses 3D e a influência dos materiais usados no processo de fabricação. Dessa forma, o presente estudo tem como objetivo verificar o efeito de diferentes materiais e parâmetros de impressão no desempenho mecânico e funcional (preensão manual de objetos) de próteses desenvolvidas por impressão 3D e analisar a experiência de uso da prótese e desempenho de diferentes modelos somados à satisfação do usuário. Com as avaliações, busca-se levantar dados para comparação e análise do desempenho das próteses fabricadas por métodos de impressão 3D, a fim de verificar a viabilidade do uso dessas novas tecnologias no desenvolvimento de produtos mais adequados ao usuário e compreender melhor os efeitos funcionais na vida da pessoa amputada. Foram testados diferentes materiais (PLA, ABS e PETG) e números de camadas de impressão (3 e 5) no desempenho mecânico, em ensaios de flexão e tração, e na preensão manual das próteses; e comparando diferentes modelos de próteses 3D. Os resultados indicaram que o tipo de material e o número de camadas são fatores que influenciam na resistência da peça, com o PLA apresentando melhor resistência mecânica que o PETG e o ABS. Em relação à preensão manual, o desempenho foi satisfatório (resultado geral de 69,69% e 72,72%), exceto na preensão de garrafas (10% e 20%), o que foi solucionado com a adição de um material auxiliar, como dedal de silicone e tecido emborrachado antiderrapante, sendo 87,87% o menor resultado geral. O estudo de caso demonstrou que há influência da experiência prévia de uso de próteses, inclusive na aceitação de um novo dispositivo e que a falta de acessibilidade no ambiente, como o de trabalho, pode gerar desconfortos.
Amputation has a direct impact on both the performance of daily activities of an individual and in the way he sees himself and is seen by society. A way to minimize this impact is to use orthopedic prostheses, an Assistive Technology device which allows their users to have more independence. Since they are devices specifically designed for each user, they must be customized and developed considering practical, aesthetic, and symbolic aspects, and different areas of knowledge. Nowadays, one of the growing ways of developing customized prostheses is through virtual CAD files, which can be modeled or found in open source virtual platforms, and then prototyped through 3D printing. Even though it is a growing field, few studies were found in the literature regarding recommendations for ergonomic parameters and 3D printing, along with studies evaluating the mechanical properties of 3D prostheses and the influence of materials used in the manufacturing process. Thus, the objectives of the present study are: to evaluate the effect of different materials and printing parameters in the mechanical and functional performance (handgrip) of prostheses developed by three-dimensional printing; and to analyze the experience of using the prosthesis and the performance of different models added to user satisfaction. With the evaluations, we seek to collect data to compare and evaluate the performance of prostheses manufactured by 3D printing methods, to verify the feasibility of using these new technologies in the development of products that are more suitable for the user, and to better understand the functional aspects in the life of the amputee. Different materials (PLA, ABS, and PETG) and number of printing layers (3 and 5) were tested for mechanical performance, flexion and traction tests, and manual gripping of the prostheses; and for comparing different models of 3D prostheses. The results indicated that the type of material and the number of layers are factors that influence the strength of the piece, with PLA showing better mechanical strength than PETG and ABS. Regarding the hand grip, the performance was satisfactory (overall result of 69.69% and 72.72%), except for the bottle grip (10% and 20%), which was solved with the addition of an auxiliary material, such as silicone thimble and non-slip rubberized fabric, resulting in a lowest overall result of 87.87%. The case study has shown that there is an influence of the previous experience of using prosthesis, including in the acceptance of a new device; and that the discomfort experienced can be related to accessibility, such as in the work environment.
Amputation has a direct impact on both the performance of daily activities of an individual and in the way he sees himself and is seen by society. A way to minimize this impact is to use orthopedic prostheses, an Assistive Technology device which allows their users to have more independence. Since they are devices specifically designed for each user, they must be customized and developed considering practical, aesthetic, and symbolic aspects, and different areas of knowledge. Nowadays, one of the growing ways of developing customized prostheses is through virtual CAD files, which can be modeled or found in open source virtual platforms, and then prototyped through 3D printing. Even though it is a growing field, few studies were found in the literature regarding recommendations for ergonomic parameters and 3D printing, along with studies evaluating the mechanical properties of 3D prostheses and the influence of materials used in the manufacturing process. Thus, the objectives of the present study are: to evaluate the effect of different materials and printing parameters in the mechanical and functional performance (handgrip) of prostheses developed by three-dimensional printing; and to analyze the experience of using the prosthesis and the performance of different models added to user satisfaction. With the evaluations, we seek to collect data to compare and evaluate the performance of prostheses manufactured by 3D printing methods, to verify the feasibility of using these new technologies in the development of products that are more suitable for the user, and to better understand the functional aspects in the life of the amputee. Different materials (PLA, ABS, and PETG) and number of printing layers (3 and 5) were tested for mechanical performance, flexion and traction tests, and manual gripping of the prostheses; and for comparing different models of 3D prostheses. The results indicated that the type of material and the number of layers are factors that influence the strength of the piece, with PLA showing better mechanical strength than PETG and ABS. Regarding the hand grip, the performance was satisfactory (overall result of 69.69% and 72.72%), except for the bottle grip (10% and 20%), which was solved with the addition of an auxiliary material, such as silicone thimble and non-slip rubberized fabric, resulting in a lowest overall result of 87.87%. The case study has shown that there is an influence of the previous experience of using prosthesis, including in the acceptance of a new device; and that the discomfort experienced can be related to accessibility, such as in the work environment.
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Palavras-chave
Tecnologia assistiva, Design ergonômico, Prototipagem rápida, Resistência mecânica, Preensão manual, Assistive Technology, Ergonomic Design, Rapid Prototyping, Mechanical Resistance, Hand grip