Canabinoides: do uso abusivo à aplicação terapêutica
Data
2021-12-15
Autores
Lucena, João Gabriel Almeida de
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Editor
Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
Canabinoides são compostos presentes na Cannabis sativa L., planta conhecida como maconha, uma das drogas de abuso mais difundidas no mundo utilizadas também como produto terapêutico. Os efeitos dos componentes ativos desta planta milenar promovem alterações de percepção sensorial, efeitos sobre o apetite, sobre o centro do vômito, entre outros efeitos potencialmente reforçadores para uso recreacional, assim como para aplicações terapêuticas em transtornos psíquicos e metabólicos. Diante da multiplicidade de efeitos farmacológicos dos canabinoides, há um grande interesse na investigação científica de sua aplicação terapêutica. Não obstante, a abordagem do potencial de abuso é relevante sob o ponto de vista toxicológico e para a realização das avaliações de risco versus benefício da aplicação de produtos na terapêutica. Diante deste cenário, no presente trabalho, foi realizada uma revisão de literatura e selecionados 153 artigos científicos a partir das plataformas PubMed (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/), SciELO (www.scielo.br/) e Google Acadêmico (www.scholar.google.com.br/), além de outras publicações não presentes nestas plataformas que estejam relacionados ao assunto proposto publicados entre 1843 e 2020. A partir da leitura das publicações, foram obtidas as informações acerca destas abordagens, para trazer subsídios à reflexão se os canabinoides representam ganho para o arsenal terapêutico até então disponível para o tratamento de doenças, buscando apontar elementos para a avaliação de riscos versus benefícios. Considerando as pesquisas bibliográficas realizadas para a composição deste trabalho, é possível concluir que os canabinoides possuem amplo potencial terapêutico e uso já em andamento, demonstrando grande importância no tratamento de náuseas, vômitos, epilepsias, doenças neurodegenerativas de extrema gravidade e que possuem limitações no seu arsenal terapêutico. Entretanto, ainda são necessários estudos clínicos robustos para que ocorra a aprovação do uso medicinal de canabinoides como fármacos de escolha no tratamento do câncer e de doenças inflamatórias, bem como novas pesquisas para a identificação e caracterização de outros receptores canabinoides endógenos que possivelmente influenciam na variedade de efeitos, de acordo com a sua seletividade. Há também a necessidade de uma avaliação mais aprofundada dos possíveis efeitos secundários psicotrópicos, que representam os limites do uso de Cannabis sativa L., assim como o seu potencial de abuso.
Cannabinoids are compounds present in Cannabis sativa L., one of the most widespread drugs of abuse in the world also used as a therapeutic product, known as marijuana. The effects of the active components of this millennial plant promote changes in sensory perception, effects on appetite, on the vomiting center and other potentially reinforcing effects for recreational use, as well for therapeutic applications in psychological and metabolic disorders. Given the multiplicity of pharmacological effects of cannabinoids, there is a big interest in the scientific investigation of its therapeutic application. Besides that, the potential abuse is relevant from the toxicological point of view and for carrying out risks versus benefits assessments of the application of its products in therapy. In this present work, a literature review, we selected 153 scientific articles from PubMed (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/), SciELO (www.scielo.br/) and Google Scholar (www.scholar.google.com.br/), in addition to other publications not present on these platforms that are related to the proposed subject published between 1843 and 2020. The reading of the publications brought subsidies to reflect if the cannabinoids represent a gain for the therapeutic arsenal, so far available, for the treatment of diseases, seeking to point out elements for the assessment of risks versus benefits. Considering the bibliographic research carried out for the composition of this work, it is possible to conclude that cannabinoids have a wide therapeutic potential and use already in progress, demonstrating great importance in the treatment of nausea, vomiting, epilepsies, extreme severity neurodegenerative diseases that have limitations in their therapeutic arsenal. However, robust clinical studies are needed for the approval of medicinal use of cannabinoids as drugs of choice in the treatment of cancer and inflammatory diseases, as well as new research for the identification and characterization of other endogenous cannabinoid receptors that possibly influence the variety of effects, according to your selectivity. There is also the need of assessment of possible psychotropic side effects, that represent the limits of Cannabis sativa L. use, as well as its potential of abuse.
Cannabinoids are compounds present in Cannabis sativa L., one of the most widespread drugs of abuse in the world also used as a therapeutic product, known as marijuana. The effects of the active components of this millennial plant promote changes in sensory perception, effects on appetite, on the vomiting center and other potentially reinforcing effects for recreational use, as well for therapeutic applications in psychological and metabolic disorders. Given the multiplicity of pharmacological effects of cannabinoids, there is a big interest in the scientific investigation of its therapeutic application. Besides that, the potential abuse is relevant from the toxicological point of view and for carrying out risks versus benefits assessments of the application of its products in therapy. In this present work, a literature review, we selected 153 scientific articles from PubMed (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/), SciELO (www.scielo.br/) and Google Scholar (www.scholar.google.com.br/), in addition to other publications not present on these platforms that are related to the proposed subject published between 1843 and 2020. The reading of the publications brought subsidies to reflect if the cannabinoids represent a gain for the therapeutic arsenal, so far available, for the treatment of diseases, seeking to point out elements for the assessment of risks versus benefits. Considering the bibliographic research carried out for the composition of this work, it is possible to conclude that cannabinoids have a wide therapeutic potential and use already in progress, demonstrating great importance in the treatment of nausea, vomiting, epilepsies, extreme severity neurodegenerative diseases that have limitations in their therapeutic arsenal. However, robust clinical studies are needed for the approval of medicinal use of cannabinoids as drugs of choice in the treatment of cancer and inflammatory diseases, as well as new research for the identification and characterization of other endogenous cannabinoid receptors that possibly influence the variety of effects, according to your selectivity. There is also the need of assessment of possible psychotropic side effects, that represent the limits of Cannabis sativa L. use, as well as its potential of abuse.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
canabinoides, Cannabis sativa, canabidiol, usos terapêuticos, sistema endocanabinoide, tetrahidrocanabinol, abuso, dependência