Neofascismo à brasileira: do sistema político à máquina de propaganda e desinformação
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Data
2021-11-30
Autores
Salvador, Vanessa Cristina
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Editor
Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
Esta dissertação apresenta um estudo sobre a ascensão do neofascismo no Brasil a partir das eleições de 2018, investigando desde o sistema político até a máquina de propaganda e desinformação que alimenta o fenômeno. Este estudo justifica-se pela crise política de grandes proporções que tomou conta do Brasil a partir de junho de 2013, iniciada com protestos de rua contra o aumento das tarifas de ônibus e, rapidamente, se transformando em manifestações contra o governo federal. Desde então, as mídias sociais digitais, que antes eram utilizadas para conectar pessoas com interesses em comum e compartilhar conhecimento, tornaram-se ambientes com debates cada vez mais polarizados, próprios para a disseminação de desinformação e discursos de ódio. Foram estudados conceitos que serviram de base para a dissertação, como a crise da democracia representativa, a ascensão de líderes autoritários, o fascismo clássico, o capitalismo de vigilância, as Big Techs, a economia da atenção e, finalmente, o fenômeno da pós-verdade no meio digital. O objetivo da dissertação foi constatar como funciona a máquina de propaganda política e de desinformação em atividade no país. Esta pesquisa, de caráter exploratório, adota como procedimento metodológico o estudo do caso, através de revisão bibliográfica e conversas com pesquisadores da área. Os resultados apontam para um ambiente virtual cada vez mais divisivo e alimentado por guerras informacionais, que pode não só levar líderes com tendências autoritárias ao poder, como permitir que eles colapsem a democracia caso sejam reeleitos. Por isso, foi necessário listar os atores usuais responsáveis pelo caos informacional e investigar como a arquitetura das grandes plataformas ajudam a disseminar conteúdos desinformativos e isolar os usuários em bolhas virtuais. Espera-se, com o resultado deste estudo, que novas pesquisas sejam desenvolvidas sobre o tema, tendo em vista a eleição presidencial de 2022 que deve ser fundamental para a sobrevivência da democracia brasileira.
This thesis examines the rise of neo fascism in Brazil as of 2018 presidential elections, investigating from the political system itself through the propaganda and disinformation machine feeding this phenomenon. This study is justified by the political crises of great proportions that took place in Brazil after June 2013, when street protests against the increase in bus fares rapidly transformed into protests against the federal government. Since then, digital social media, used before just for connecting people with the same interests and sharing knowledge, became an environment increasingly more polarized for debate and more prone to the dissemination of hate speech and disinformation. As the conceptual basis for this thesis, I study the crisis of representative democracy, the rise of authoritarian leaders, classical fascism, surveillance capitalism, the rise of the Big Techs, attention economy and, finally, the post-truth phenomenon in the digital environment. The goal was to explore how the hate speech and propaganda machine works in contemporary Brazil. This exploratory research adopts case study as its methodological procedure, through bibliographical review and conversations with researchers in the field. Results show a progressively more divisive digital environment, fed by information warfare and capable of not only conducting authoritarian leaders to power, but also allowing them to collapse democracy when reelected. Therefore, it was necessary to list usual actors in this informational chaos and to investigate how the architecture of big digital platforms helps in disseminating disinformation and isolating its users on social bubbles. I hope, as a result of this study, that new research be developed on this issue, bearing in mind that the 2022 presidential elections may be pivotal for Brazilian democracy survival.
This thesis examines the rise of neo fascism in Brazil as of 2018 presidential elections, investigating from the political system itself through the propaganda and disinformation machine feeding this phenomenon. This study is justified by the political crises of great proportions that took place in Brazil after June 2013, when street protests against the increase in bus fares rapidly transformed into protests against the federal government. Since then, digital social media, used before just for connecting people with the same interests and sharing knowledge, became an environment increasingly more polarized for debate and more prone to the dissemination of hate speech and disinformation. As the conceptual basis for this thesis, I study the crisis of representative democracy, the rise of authoritarian leaders, classical fascism, surveillance capitalism, the rise of the Big Techs, attention economy and, finally, the post-truth phenomenon in the digital environment. The goal was to explore how the hate speech and propaganda machine works in contemporary Brazil. This exploratory research adopts case study as its methodological procedure, through bibliographical review and conversations with researchers in the field. Results show a progressively more divisive digital environment, fed by information warfare and capable of not only conducting authoritarian leaders to power, but also allowing them to collapse democracy when reelected. Therefore, it was necessary to list usual actors in this informational chaos and to investigate how the architecture of big digital platforms helps in disseminating disinformation and isolating its users on social bubbles. I hope, as a result of this study, that new research be developed on this issue, bearing in mind that the 2022 presidential elections may be pivotal for Brazilian democracy survival.
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Palavras-chave
capitalismo de vigilância, desinformação, máquina de propaganda, mídia e tecnologia, neofascismo, disinformation, media and technology, neo fascism, propaganda machine, surveillance capitalism