Uberização das relações de trabalho: enquadramento jurídico atual dos trabalhadores por aplicativos e possíveis formas de superação dos desafios impostos pela sharing economy
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Data
2021-12-08
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
No final do século XX, instaurou-se a denominada Revolução Técnico-Científico-Informacional, ou Terceira Revolução Industrial, marcada pelas descobertas e avanços no campo da tecnologia e da informática. Esses avanços tecnológicos surgidos nas últimas décadas permitiram a existência de uma nova forma de comunicação imediata, cada vez mais acessível e de baixo custo. A partir deste contexto houve o aparecimento de uma nova ordem econômica, fundamentada em horários mais flexíveis e maiores ganhos de produção, trata-se da “sharing economy”. A economia colaborativa vem abrindo espaço para novos mercados, facilitando o acesso a bens de consumo e gerando novas formas de trabalho; dentro deste contexto emergiram grandes organizações como a Uber. A Uber foi escolhida nesse trabalho por ser pioneira no mercado e ter estabelecido uma nova forma de intermediação do trabalho, cujos efeitos vão da consolidação da precarização no mercado de trabalho à desumanização do trabalho. O fenômeno denominado de Uberização das relações de trabalho define uma exploração da mão de obra por parte das empresas-plataforma que concentram o mercado mundial dos aplicativos. Diante da falta de regulamentação do tema, os trabalhadores por aplicativos não possuem quaisquer direitos assegurados ou sindicatos profissionais que representem seus interesses. Assim, o objetivo do presente estudo é analisar as especificidades do contexto de trabalho dos trabalhadores por aplicativos, a relação jurídica na qual se encontram, de acordo com o Direito do Trabalho brasileiro, bem como a análise das jurisprudências sobre o tema, buscando-se, por fim, identificar possibilidades de regulamentação desse setor para evitar a precarização das condições impostas por essa nova forma de trabalho. Para tanto, adota-se, como método de procedimento, o levantamento por meio da técnica de pesquisa bibliográfica em materiais publicados e, como método de abordagem, o dedutivo. Conclui-se pela imprescindibilidade da intervenção na legislação brasileira, visando assegurar aos trabalhadores por plataformas direitos inerentes à sua condição especial de vulnerabilidade dentro do contexto de exploração por parte das empresas-plataformas.
At the end of the 20th century, the Third Industrial Revolution began in the world, this revolution was characterized by the spread of automation and digitalization through the use of electronics and computers. Those advances, that took place in the last past decades, occurred in the technology and informational field. Those conditions, created by the Third Industrial Revolution, has allowed a new way of communication, faster, more accessible and at a lower cost. From that background, a new economic order emerged, based on modern principles, like flexibility and innovation, that order is named sharing economy. The sharing economy has made more room for the emergence of new markets, facilitating the access to consumer goods, and creating new ways of working, which made possible the emergence of platform companies like Uber. The company Uber was chosen in this thesis because it symbolizes those new types of work relations through platforms. The phenomenon named Uberization of work relations, defines a new form of exploiting global workforce. In face of the lack of legislation of this matter, those workers have been exploited by a great number of platform companies, especially because, currently, there is no rights that protects those workers from the company or unions that represents their needs. Therefore, the goal of this thesis is to analyze the specifics related to those new forms of work that emerged with the sharing economy, in the Brazilian context. Likewise, it is necessary to analyze Brazilian’s jurisprudence in order to identify possible ways to regularize this matter and, consequently, avoid the precariousness of labor relations. For that, it will be adopted, as a procedure method, the survey through the bibliographic research technique, and, as an approach method, the deductive method. As a conclusion, this thesis understood the indispensability of the intervention in Brazilian labor legislation, in order to protect the workers from the predicaments inherent of the sharing economy.
At the end of the 20th century, the Third Industrial Revolution began in the world, this revolution was characterized by the spread of automation and digitalization through the use of electronics and computers. Those advances, that took place in the last past decades, occurred in the technology and informational field. Those conditions, created by the Third Industrial Revolution, has allowed a new way of communication, faster, more accessible and at a lower cost. From that background, a new economic order emerged, based on modern principles, like flexibility and innovation, that order is named sharing economy. The sharing economy has made more room for the emergence of new markets, facilitating the access to consumer goods, and creating new ways of working, which made possible the emergence of platform companies like Uber. The company Uber was chosen in this thesis because it symbolizes those new types of work relations through platforms. The phenomenon named Uberization of work relations, defines a new form of exploiting global workforce. In face of the lack of legislation of this matter, those workers have been exploited by a great number of platform companies, especially because, currently, there is no rights that protects those workers from the company or unions that represents their needs. Therefore, the goal of this thesis is to analyze the specifics related to those new forms of work that emerged with the sharing economy, in the Brazilian context. Likewise, it is necessary to analyze Brazilian’s jurisprudence in order to identify possible ways to regularize this matter and, consequently, avoid the precariousness of labor relations. For that, it will be adopted, as a procedure method, the survey through the bibliographic research technique, and, as an approach method, the deductive method. As a conclusion, this thesis understood the indispensability of the intervention in Brazilian labor legislation, in order to protect the workers from the predicaments inherent of the sharing economy.
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Direito do Trabalho, Uberização, Trabalhadores por aplicativos, Enquadramento jurídico, Labour law, Uberization, Platform workers, Sharing economy