Estado da arte das Iniciativas de Impacto Coletivo: possível benchmark às ações análogas no Brasil, eventual incremento nas contribuições às políticas públicas locais
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2021-12-21
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
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Ao se observar o fenômeno da descontinuidade das políticas públicas no Brasil, se constata que, nos quase dois séculos como país independente, têm prevalecido os jogos de poder e as disputas político-partidárias, em detrimento de se estabelecerem políticas de Estado mais duradouras. A normal alternância dos partidos no poder - que deveria ocorrer com naturalidade nas democracias - somada às periódicas crises econômicas, têm, muitas vezes, servido como pano de fundo para se justificar a interrupção de políticas públicas até então vigentes. Muitas vezes, simplesmente por terem sido implantadas em governos anteriores, de diferentes partidos ou coalizões, se pretende justificar tais rupturas com a alegação de se estar tendo dificuldades financeiras ou por meras questões ideológicas. Outras vezes, essas descontinuidades se verificam tão somente por alguma duvidosa conveniência ou por mero capricho dos gestores públicos. Num tal cenário, contínua e inevitavelmente, se verificam toda sorte de graves prejuízos ao desenvolvimento social, em todos os níveis da administração pública. Neste trabalho, se tem por objetivo apresentar as Iniciativas de Impacto Coletivo, conceituadas pela primeira vez em 2011, na Revista de Inovação Social da Universidade de Stanford, na Califórnia, como uma eficaz colaboração na solução dos problemas sociais mais complexos, graças a seu grande potencial em suprirem as mais diversas lacunas das políticas públicas ortodoxas. Ao invés de se limitarem a uma atuação individualizada, o que se vê são organizações de diferentes âmbitos (público, privado e da sociedade civil) que passam a atuar de modo coordenado e integrado, com o objetivo de alcançarem juntas a mudança social desejada, de forma duradoura e abrangente. A implementação dessa estratégia coletiva, todavia, não é um projeto trivial e, para lograr êxito, inúmeras condições de planejamento e organização devem ser atendidas pela miríade de atores os mais diversos mobilizados em cada iniciativa. Com crescente sucesso e continuado aperfeiçoamento, tais iniciativas tem se multiplicado significativamente, em especial nos Estados Unidos, mas também no Canadá, na Austrália e em alguns países da Europa. Portanto, através de pesquisa essencialmente documental, este estudo almejou se debruçar sobre alguns dos aspectos primordiais que explicassem o grande sucesso de algumas das Iniciativas de Impacto Coletivo, vislumbrando as políticas públicas que delas mais se beneficiaram, internacionalmente. A partir daí, dentro de um recorte setorial, se determinou uma área das políticas públicas nacionais onde já se praticavam esforços análogos, distinguindo algumas iniciativas locais e suas práticas, a fim de se estabelecerem as conveniências, as possibilidades e os limites para se sugerirem possíveis adaptações ou mudanças, inspiradas nos resultados que nos se apresentam do exterior.
When observing the phenomenon of the discontinuity of public policies in Brazil, it appears that, in the nearly two centuries as an independent country, power games and party-political disputes have prevailed, to the detriment of establishing more lasting State policies. The normal alternation of parties in power - which should occur naturally in democracies - added to periodic economic crises, have often served as a backdrop to justify the interruption of public policies in force until then. Many times, simply because they were implemented in previous governments, from different parties or coalitions, one intends to justify such ruptures with the allegation of having financial difficulties or for mere ideological reasons. Other times, these discontinuities were verified only for some doubtful convenience or for the mere whim of public managers. In such a scenario, continuously and inevitably, there are all sorts of serious damages to social development, at all levels of public administration. In this work, the objective is to present the Collective Impact Initiatives, conceptualized for the first time in 2011, in the Magazine of Social Innovation of Stanford University, in California, as an effective collaboration in the solution of the most complex social problems, thanks to its great potential to fill the most diverse gaps in orthodox public policies. Instead of being limited to an individualized action, what is seen are organizations from different spheres (public, private and civil society) that start to act in a coordinated and integrated way, with the objective of achieving together the desired social change, of lasting and comprehensive way. The implementation of this collective strategy, however, is not a trivial project and, in order to be successful, countless planning and organization conditions must be met by the myriad of the most diverse actors mobilized in each initiative. With growing success and continued improvement, such initiatives have multiplied significantly, especially in the United States, but also in Canada, Australia and some countries in Europe. Therefore, through essentially documentary research, this study aimed to focus on some of the key aspects that explain the great success of several Collective Impact Initiatives, envisioning the public policies that have benefited most from them, internationally. From there, within a sectorial perspective, the aim was to determine an area of national public policies where similar efforts are already being practiced, distinguishing some local initiatives and their practices, in order to establish the conveniences, possibilities and limits to be suggested possible adaptations or changes, inspired by the results exposed to us from abroad.
When observing the phenomenon of the discontinuity of public policies in Brazil, it appears that, in the nearly two centuries as an independent country, power games and party-political disputes have prevailed, to the detriment of establishing more lasting State policies. The normal alternation of parties in power - which should occur naturally in democracies - added to periodic economic crises, have often served as a backdrop to justify the interruption of public policies in force until then. Many times, simply because they were implemented in previous governments, from different parties or coalitions, one intends to justify such ruptures with the allegation of having financial difficulties or for mere ideological reasons. Other times, these discontinuities were verified only for some doubtful convenience or for the mere whim of public managers. In such a scenario, continuously and inevitably, there are all sorts of serious damages to social development, at all levels of public administration. In this work, the objective is to present the Collective Impact Initiatives, conceptualized for the first time in 2011, in the Magazine of Social Innovation of Stanford University, in California, as an effective collaboration in the solution of the most complex social problems, thanks to its great potential to fill the most diverse gaps in orthodox public policies. Instead of being limited to an individualized action, what is seen are organizations from different spheres (public, private and civil society) that start to act in a coordinated and integrated way, with the objective of achieving together the desired social change, of lasting and comprehensive way. The implementation of this collective strategy, however, is not a trivial project and, in order to be successful, countless planning and organization conditions must be met by the myriad of the most diverse actors mobilized in each initiative. With growing success and continued improvement, such initiatives have multiplied significantly, especially in the United States, but also in Canada, Australia and some countries in Europe. Therefore, through essentially documentary research, this study aimed to focus on some of the key aspects that explain the great success of several Collective Impact Initiatives, envisioning the public policies that have benefited most from them, internationally. From there, within a sectorial perspective, the aim was to determine an area of national public policies where similar efforts are already being practiced, distinguishing some local initiatives and their practices, in order to establish the conveniences, possibilities and limits to be suggested possible adaptations or changes, inspired by the results exposed to us from abroad.
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Associações sem fins lucrativos, Organizações da sociedade civil de interesse público, Políticas públicas, Educação política governamental, Interesses coletivos, Non-profit associations, Civil society organizations of public interest, Public policies, Education as a government policy, Collective interests