Impactos da produção brasileira de proteína de monogástricos no uso de recursos naturais
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Data
2021-12-17
Autores
Silva, Érik Januário da
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
As produções de frangos, suínos e ovos de galinha estão entre as atividades agropecuárias mais importantes para agropecuária brasileira, por serem responsáveis pela produção das mais importantes fontes de proteína animal consumidas no país e a relevante participação na balança comercial. Apesar do crescimento da produção nos últimos anos, não há um consenso entre os autores quanto aos impactos do consumo de recursos naturais na execução destas atividades. Além disso, os métodos disponíveis para mensuração deste consumo apresentam importantes limitações que dificultam sua aplicação na realidade brasileira. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar a aplicabilidade da metodologia de conversão em cereal equivalente na mensuração do consumo de recursos naturais nas produções de frangos, suínos e ovos de galinha no Brasil. Os recursos naturais avaliados foram o consumo de macronutrientes N, P e K, o uso de área agricultável e o consumo de água. Os resultados mostram que mesmo com o aumento do consumo de milho e de macronutrientes entre 1987 e 2017, o consumo de N, P e K por tonelada de produto final reduziu a partir do ano 2000, de 78,2, 32,9 e 55,9 kg para 37,6, 11,9 e 24,1 kg em 2017. O uso de área agricultável reduziu nas produções de suínos e ovos de galinha, de 6,0 para 3,7 e de 1,3 para 1,1 milhões de hectares respectivamente, e aumentou para a produção de frangos de 1,1 para 1,5 milhões de hectares entre 1987 e 2017. Mesmo com o aumento do uso de área para a produção de frangos, o uso de área agricultável por kg de produto animal produzido reduziu, de 12,42, 27,61 e 10,53 kg em 1987 para 4,39, 9,75 e 3,72 kg em 2017 para frangos, suínos e ovos de galinha respectivamente. O consumo de água aumentou entre 1987 e 2017 para todos os produtos, contudo a principal fonte de água utilizada na produção do milho consumido pelos animais é a água da chuva, com 92,83% e a água captada por irrigação respondendo por apenas 1% do total consumido. Os resultados mostram um cenário positivo quanto ao consumo e disponibilidade dos recursos naturais avaliados. Pelos resultados conclui-se que a metodologia de conversão em cereal equivalente é aplicável na avaliação do consumo de recursos naturais na produção de frangos, suínos e ovos de galinha no Brasil.
The production of chickens, swine and chicken eggs are among the most important agricultural activities for Brazilian agriculture, as they are responsible for the production of the most important sources of animal protein consumed in the country and the relevant participation in the trade balance. Despite the growth in production in recent years, there is no consensus among authors regarding the impacts of the consumption of natural resources in the execution of these activities. In addition, the methods available to measure this consumption have important limitations that make their application in the Brazilian reality difficult. The objective of this research was to evaluate the applicability of the conversion methodology in cereal equivalent in the measurement of the consumption of natural resources in the production of chickens, swine and chicken eggs in Brazil. The natural resources evaluated were the consumption of macronutrients N, P and K, the use of arable land and the consumption of water. The results show that even with the increase in corn and macronutrient consumption between 1987 and 2017, the consumption of N, P and K per ton of final product decreased from 2000 onwards, from 78.2, 32.9 and 55 .9 kg to 37.6, 11.9 and 24.1 kg in 2017. The use of arable land reduced the production of swine and chicken eggs, from 6.0 to 3.7 and from 1.3 to 1, 1 million hectares respectively, and increased for chicken production from 1.1 to 1.5 million hectares between 1987 and 2017. Even with the increase in area use for chicken production, the use of arable area per kg of animal product produced reduced from 12.42, 27.61 and 10.53 kg in 1987 to 4.39, 9.75 and 3.72 kg in 2017 for chickens, swine and chicken eggs respectively. Water consumption increased between 1987 and 2017 for all products, however the main source of water used in the production of corn consumed by animals is rainwater, with 92.83% and water collected by irrigation accounting for only 1% of the total consumed. The results show a positive scenario regarding the consumption and availability of the evaluated natural resources. From the results, it is concluded that the methodology of conversion into equivalent cereal is applicable in the evaluation of the consumption of natural resources in the production of chickens, swine and chicken eggs in Brazil.
The production of chickens, swine and chicken eggs are among the most important agricultural activities for Brazilian agriculture, as they are responsible for the production of the most important sources of animal protein consumed in the country and the relevant participation in the trade balance. Despite the growth in production in recent years, there is no consensus among authors regarding the impacts of the consumption of natural resources in the execution of these activities. In addition, the methods available to measure this consumption have important limitations that make their application in the Brazilian reality difficult. The objective of this research was to evaluate the applicability of the conversion methodology in cereal equivalent in the measurement of the consumption of natural resources in the production of chickens, swine and chicken eggs in Brazil. The natural resources evaluated were the consumption of macronutrients N, P and K, the use of arable land and the consumption of water. The results show that even with the increase in corn and macronutrient consumption between 1987 and 2017, the consumption of N, P and K per ton of final product decreased from 2000 onwards, from 78.2, 32.9 and 55 .9 kg to 37.6, 11.9 and 24.1 kg in 2017. The use of arable land reduced the production of swine and chicken eggs, from 6.0 to 3.7 and from 1.3 to 1, 1 million hectares respectively, and increased for chicken production from 1.1 to 1.5 million hectares between 1987 and 2017. Even with the increase in area use for chicken production, the use of arable area per kg of animal product produced reduced from 12.42, 27.61 and 10.53 kg in 1987 to 4.39, 9.75 and 3.72 kg in 2017 for chickens, swine and chicken eggs respectively. Water consumption increased between 1987 and 2017 for all products, however the main source of water used in the production of corn consumed by animals is rainwater, with 92.83% and water collected by irrigation accounting for only 1% of the total consumed. The results show a positive scenario regarding the consumption and availability of the evaluated natural resources. From the results, it is concluded that the methodology of conversion into equivalent cereal is applicable in the evaluation of the consumption of natural resources in the production of chickens, swine and chicken eggs in Brazil.
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Consumo, Cereal equivalente, Recursos naturais, Produção animal, Consumption, Natural resources, Cereal equivalent, Animal production