Manejo florestal no Domínio da Caatinga: caminhos e conhecimentos para a sustentabilidade
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Data
2022-01-07
Autores
Lucena, Marcelo Silva de [UNESP]
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
O manejo florestal sustentável (MFS) é uma concepção sobre a exploração florestal que possui objetivos econômicos, sociais e ambientais abrangentes. Além de satisfazer as necessidades que as sociedades têm de bens e serviços florestais, com a aplicação do MFS também se quer garantir a conservação florestal, por meio do manejo racional da sua capacidade regenerativa, para assegurar que gerações futuras também desfrutem das florestas e seus benefícios. Entretanto, sob a perspectiva teórica dos discursos, o MFS assume o caráter de um conceito contestado. Isto é, ele pode ser entendido como ideias, conceitos e classificações que variam conforme mudam as interpretações sobre os recursos florestais, sua utilidade e as formas de manejo. A possibilidade da construção de discursos sobre o MFS tem sido fundamental para a proposição de diferentes caminhos para a sustentabilidade do manejo e dos recursos florestais. Neste contexto, no Domínio da Caatinga (DC), diferentes experiências históricas apontam para a proposição de diferentes discursos sobre o MFS. Contudo, dada a grande variabilidade social, fundiária, ambiental, econômica e socioecológica que ocorre nessa região, há pouca compreensão sobre como estes discursos abordam diferentes aspectos da sustentabilidade e quais são as suas principais, narrativas e argumentos. Ao mesmo tempo, a sustentabilidade ambiental do manejo de florestas nativas requer o conhecimento das condições que propiciam a manutenção da capacidade produtiva dos povoamentos explorados. Isto significa compreender, por exemplo, como a variação local de fatores ambientais e do uso antrópico das áreas manejadas influencia a produtividade e a recuperação dos estoques lenhosos após o corte. Assim, temos como objetivos a) caracterizar as principais ideias, conceitos e narrativas que têm sido propostas pelos discursos sobre o MFS do DC e b) avaliar como a recuperação da biomassa lenhosa é influenciada pela variação local de atributos edáficos, da paisagem, do pastejo de gado doméstico, de distúrbios antrópicos crônicos e da precipitação. Quanto ao primeiro objetivo, fizemos uma análise qualitativa com base na abordagem dos caminhos para a sustentabilidade e na perspectiva teórico do discurso e constatamos a existência de três principais discursos sobre o MFS: 1) MFS bioenergético; 2) MFS silvipastoril; 3) MFS não madeireiro. Muitas das suas ideias são comuns, mas eles abordam os aspectos da sustentabilidade, principalmente, em função dos objetivos que cada um propõe justificar e da compreensão que eles têm do sistema socioecológico. Quanto ao segundo objetivo, coletamos dados em 7 unidades de produção anual e usamos modelos lineares para entender os padrões de recuperação da área basal após o corte e constatamos que a variação do incremento em área basal foi melhor explicada pela profundidade dos solos e por medidas indiretas representativas de usos antrópicos. Mesmo parcelas que possuíam maior de tempo de recuperação e mais precipitação acumulada tiveram significativamente menores incrementos em área basal por estarem situadas em solos menos profundos e com maior intensidade de distúrbios antrópicos. Entretanto, pesquisas futuras são necessárias para compreender a influência que atributos relacionados à capacidade de retenção e disponibilidade hídrica do solo têm sobre a recuperação da biomassa lenhosa após talhadia simples.
Sustainable Forest Management (SFM) is a concept of forest exploitation that has broad economic, social and environmental objectives. In addition to satisfying the needs that societies have for forest goods and services, the application of the SFM also seeks to ensure forest conservation, through the rational management of its regenerative capacity, to ensure that future generations also enjoy forests and their benefits. However, from the theoretical perspective of the discourses, the SFM takes on the character of a contested concept. That is, it can be understood as ideas, concepts and classifications that vary as interpretations of forest resources, their usefulness and forms of management change. The possibility of constructing discourses about the SFM has been fundamental for proposing different paths for the sustainability of forest management and resources. In this context, in the Caatinga Domain (DC), different historical experiences point to the proposition of different discourses about the SFM. However, given the great social, land, environmental, economic and socio-ecological variability that occurs in this region, there is little understanding of how these discourses approach different aspects of sustainability and what their main narratives and arguments are. At the same time, the environmental sustainability of the management of native forests requires knowledge of the conditions that favor the maintenance of the productive capacity of exploited stands. This means understanding, for example, how the local variation of environmental factors and the anthropic use of managed areas influence productivity and recovery of timber stocks after the cutting. Thus, our objectives are a) to characterize the main ideas, concepts and narratives that have been proposed by the discourses about the SFM of the DC and b) to evaluate how the recovery of timber biomass is influenced by the local variation of edaphic attributes, of the landscape, of the grazing of domestic livestock, chronic anthropogenic disturbances and precipitation. As for the first objective, we carried out a qualitative analysis based on the approach of paths to sustainability and on the theoretical perspective of the discourse and we found the existence of three main discourses on the MFS: 1) bioenergetic SFM; 2) silvopastoral SFM; 3) Non-timber SFM. Many of their ideas are common, but they address aspects of sustainability, mainly in terms of the objectives that each one proposes to justify and the understanding they have of the socioecological system. As for the second objective, we collected data from 7 annual production units and used linear models to understand the patterns of basal area recovery after cutting and found that the variation in basal area increment was better explained by soil depth and by indirect measures representative of anthropic disturbances. Even plots that had longer recovery time and more accumulated precipitation had significantly lower increases in basal area because they were located in shallower soils and with greater intensity of anthropic disturbances. However, future research is necessary to understand the influence that attributes related to soil retention capacity and water availability have on woody biomass recovery after coppicing.
Sustainable Forest Management (SFM) is a concept of forest exploitation that has broad economic, social and environmental objectives. In addition to satisfying the needs that societies have for forest goods and services, the application of the SFM also seeks to ensure forest conservation, through the rational management of its regenerative capacity, to ensure that future generations also enjoy forests and their benefits. However, from the theoretical perspective of the discourses, the SFM takes on the character of a contested concept. That is, it can be understood as ideas, concepts and classifications that vary as interpretations of forest resources, their usefulness and forms of management change. The possibility of constructing discourses about the SFM has been fundamental for proposing different paths for the sustainability of forest management and resources. In this context, in the Caatinga Domain (DC), different historical experiences point to the proposition of different discourses about the SFM. However, given the great social, land, environmental, economic and socio-ecological variability that occurs in this region, there is little understanding of how these discourses approach different aspects of sustainability and what their main narratives and arguments are. At the same time, the environmental sustainability of the management of native forests requires knowledge of the conditions that favor the maintenance of the productive capacity of exploited stands. This means understanding, for example, how the local variation of environmental factors and the anthropic use of managed areas influence productivity and recovery of timber stocks after the cutting. Thus, our objectives are a) to characterize the main ideas, concepts and narratives that have been proposed by the discourses about the SFM of the DC and b) to evaluate how the recovery of timber biomass is influenced by the local variation of edaphic attributes, of the landscape, of the grazing of domestic livestock, chronic anthropogenic disturbances and precipitation. As for the first objective, we carried out a qualitative analysis based on the approach of paths to sustainability and on the theoretical perspective of the discourse and we found the existence of three main discourses on the MFS: 1) bioenergetic SFM; 2) silvopastoral SFM; 3) Non-timber SFM. Many of their ideas are common, but they address aspects of sustainability, mainly in terms of the objectives that each one proposes to justify and the understanding they have of the socioecological system. As for the second objective, we collected data from 7 annual production units and used linear models to understand the patterns of basal area recovery after cutting and found that the variation in basal area increment was better explained by soil depth and by indirect measures representative of anthropic disturbances. Even plots that had longer recovery time and more accumulated precipitation had significantly lower increases in basal area because they were located in shallower soils and with greater intensity of anthropic disturbances. However, future research is necessary to understand the influence that attributes related to soil retention capacity and water availability have on woody biomass recovery after coppicing.
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Palavras-chave
Manejo florestal sustentável, Discursos florestais, Sustentabilidade, Variáveis ambientais, Produção florestal, Sustainable forest management, Forest discourse, Sustainability, Environmental variables, Forest production