Enteroparasitoses e a relação com a situação socioeconômica e sanitária no Brasil: a educação em saúde e ambiental como ferramenta preventiva
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Data
2022-02-23
Autores
Luciano, Jair Murillo Le
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
Países subdesenvolvidos, como o Brasil, apresentam baixas, ou inexistentes, taxas de saneamento básico, evidenciando a relação direta entre o fator de desenvolvimento populacional e a prevalência de doenças parasitárias intestinais. Aspectos socioculturais potencializam essas enfermidades, principalmente quando se trata da carência socioeconômica e das condições precárias de higiene. Sendo assim, a educação em saúde e ambiental tornam-se mecanismos facilitadores na melhoria da qualidade vida dos indivíduos, estimulando os bons hábitos de higiene e consciência crítica para a problemática em que estão inseridos. O objetivo do trabalho foi realizar uma revisão narrativa da literatura sobre as parasitoses intestinais e sua relação com a situação socioeconômica e sanitária no Brasil e no estado de São Paulo. Paralelamente, comparar as instruções prévias quanto à educação em saúde e ambiental sobre as doenças parasitárias intestinais oferecidas aos alunos da rede pública e privada do município de Bauru com a aplicação de um questionário. A revisão bibliográfica utilizou dados provenientes de trabalhos publicados entre os anos de 2000 a 2020 a partir das bases de dados BVS, LILACS, MEDLINE e SCIELO, além de livros e manuais do Ministério da Saúde e da OMS. As palavras-chave utilizadas foram: enteropatias parasitárias, esgoto, saneamento básico, educação em saúde, educação ambiental e epidemiologia. No ano de 2020, 14,83% de toda a população brasileira, não possuía tratamento de esgoto, e os índices, atualmente, tendem ao crescimento nas regiões Norte e Nordeste, enquanto que a região Sul e Sudeste representam os maiores índices de saneamento. Fatores socioeconômicos parecem estar diretamente relacionados, junto com os índices de saneamento e tratamento de esgoto, com o desenvolvimento de parasitoses intestinais, além da renda familiar, faixa etária, escolaridade e conhecimentos sobre as diferentes doenças. Neste contexto, a educação em saúde e ambiental, associadas à participação da população, contribui para a diminuição da prevalência e disseminação de enteroparasitoses. Palestras educativas, jogos e excursões didáticas podem funcionar como ferramentas na orientação e alerta quanto à transmissão e as formas de prevenção e higiene básica. O questionário aplicado teve por resultado dados pertinentes. Apenas um questionário da rede pública foi respondido enquanto que na rede privada 220 questionários foram respondidos, no qual 80,5% dos alunos admitem ter conhecimento sobre as parasitoses, além de possuírem acesso ao saneamento básico e condições econômicas favoráveis (acima de um salário mínimo). Por fim, a carência de políticas públicas efetivas de educação sanitária torna a situação envolvendo as parasitoses no Brasil preocupante. É necessário promover a associação de medidas que envolvam melhorias nas condições socioeconômicas e sanitárias. Medidas educativas preventivas (educação em saúde e ambiental) contribuem para a melhora da qualidade de vida através de orientações quanto a mudanças de certos hábitos culturais e de higiene da população, principalmente nas comunidades carentes, auxiliando na diminuição dos índices de parasitoses.
Underdeveloped countries, such as Brazil, have low, or non-existent, rates of basic sanitation, evidencing the direct relationship between the population development factor and the prevalence of intestinal parasitic diseases. Sociocultural aspects potentiate these diseases, especially when it comes to socioeconomic deprivation and poor hygiene conditions. Thus, health and environmental education become facilitating mechanisms in improving the quality of life of individuals, encouraging good hygiene habits and critical awareness of the problem in which they are inserted. The objective of this study was to carry out a narrative review of the literature on intestinal parasites and their relationship with the socioeconomic and health situation in Brazil and in the state of Sao Paulo. In parallel, to compare the previous instructions regarding health and environmental education on parasitic diseases offered to students from public and private schools in the city of Bauru with the application of a questionnaire. The literature review used data from works published between 2000 and 2020 from the VHL, LILACS, MEDLINE and SCIELO databases, in addition to books and manuals from the Ministry of Health and the WHO. The keywords used were: parasitic enteropathies, sewage, basic sanitation, health education, environmental education and epidemiology. In 2020, 14.83% of the entire Brazilian population did not have sewage treatment, and the rates currently tend to grow in the North and Northeast regions, while the South and Southeast regions represent the highest sanitation rates. Socioeconomic factors seem to be directly related, along with sanitation and sewage treatment rates, to the development of intestinal parasites, in addition to family income, age group, schooling and knowledge about different diseases. In this context, health and environmental education, associated with the participation of the population, contributes to reducing the prevalence and dissemination of intestinal parasites. Educational lectures, games and didactic excursions can work as tools to guide and alert about transmission and forms of prevention and basic hygiene. The questionnaire applied resulted in relevant data. Only one questionnaire from the public network was answered, while in the private network, 220 questionnaires were answered, in which 80.5% of the students admit to having knowledge about parasites, in addition to having access to basic sanitation and favorable economic conditions (above a minimum wage ). Finally, the lack of effective public health education policies makes the situation involving parasites in Brazil worrying. It is necessary to promote the association of measures that involve improvements in socioeconomic and health conditions. Preventive educational measures (health and environmental education) contribute to improving the quality of life through guidance on changes in certain cultural and hygiene habits of the population, especially in needy communities, helping to reduce parasitic indices.
Underdeveloped countries, such as Brazil, have low, or non-existent, rates of basic sanitation, evidencing the direct relationship between the population development factor and the prevalence of intestinal parasitic diseases. Sociocultural aspects potentiate these diseases, especially when it comes to socioeconomic deprivation and poor hygiene conditions. Thus, health and environmental education become facilitating mechanisms in improving the quality of life of individuals, encouraging good hygiene habits and critical awareness of the problem in which they are inserted. The objective of this study was to carry out a narrative review of the literature on intestinal parasites and their relationship with the socioeconomic and health situation in Brazil and in the state of Sao Paulo. In parallel, to compare the previous instructions regarding health and environmental education on parasitic diseases offered to students from public and private schools in the city of Bauru with the application of a questionnaire. The literature review used data from works published between 2000 and 2020 from the VHL, LILACS, MEDLINE and SCIELO databases, in addition to books and manuals from the Ministry of Health and the WHO. The keywords used were: parasitic enteropathies, sewage, basic sanitation, health education, environmental education and epidemiology. In 2020, 14.83% of the entire Brazilian population did not have sewage treatment, and the rates currently tend to grow in the North and Northeast regions, while the South and Southeast regions represent the highest sanitation rates. Socioeconomic factors seem to be directly related, along with sanitation and sewage treatment rates, to the development of intestinal parasites, in addition to family income, age group, schooling and knowledge about different diseases. In this context, health and environmental education, associated with the participation of the population, contributes to reducing the prevalence and dissemination of intestinal parasites. Educational lectures, games and didactic excursions can work as tools to guide and alert about transmission and forms of prevention and basic hygiene. The questionnaire applied resulted in relevant data. Only one questionnaire from the public network was answered, while in the private network, 220 questionnaires were answered, in which 80.5% of the students admit to having knowledge about parasites, in addition to having access to basic sanitation and favorable economic conditions (above a minimum wage ). Finally, the lack of effective public health education policies makes the situation involving parasites in Brazil worrying. It is necessary to promote the association of measures that involve improvements in socioeconomic and health conditions. Preventive educational measures (health and environmental education) contribute to improving the quality of life through guidance on changes in certain cultural and hygiene habits of the population, especially in needy communities, helping to reduce parasitic indices.
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Palavras-chave
Enteropatias parasitárias, Esgoto, Saneamento básico, Educação em saúde, Educação ambiental, Epidemiologia, Intestinal diseases, Sewage, Health education, Environmental health education, Basic sanitation, Epidemiology