Viabilidade da energia solar fotovoltaica como fonte alternativa de eletricidade: uma análise baseada na projeção de cenários e na percepção do consumidor final
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Data
2022-02-08
Autores
Shiki, Laís Ayumi
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
Atualmente, a energia solar fotovoltaica é uma das principais fontes renováveis de geração de energia elétrica, cuja expansão do mercado ocorre mundialmente. No Brasil, apesar da sua participação na matriz elétrica ser ainda ínfima, o crescimento é notável desde 2012, quando as normas da geração distribuída foram reguladas pela Resolução Normativa n° 482/2012. Deste modo, o presente trabalho propôs analisar como a energia solar fotovoltaica pode ser empregada como fonte alternativa de eletricidade, tendo como estudo de caso edifícios residenciais existentes localizados no município de São José dos Campos - SP. Para tanto, foi elaborado um questionário sobre o tema a fim de se entender como essa fonte é vista/conhecida pelo público-alvo deste estudo. Além disso, projetos de sistemas fotovoltaicos conectados à rede de distribuição (on-grid) foram elaborados, com a finalidade de discutir os resultados econômicos, financeiros e energéticos, para assim se ter um panorama da viabilidade do uso dessa fonte em prédios residenciais já construídos. Considerando um período de vida útil de 25 anos para as placas fotovoltaicas, o estudo demonstrou que os sistemas fotovoltaicos dimensionados para se ter o máximo aproveitamento de geração de eletricidade na cobertura dos prédios, observando suas áreas úteis, se pagariam em até 4 anos. No caso de sistemas dimensionados para suprir a demanda energética das áreas comuns dos prédios, os resultados apontaram que quando a geração for mais do que suficiente para abater totalmente o consumo, a energia excedente poderá ser injetada na rede e serão gerados créditos passíveis de serem usados pelo próprio imóvel futuramente. A partir das análises dos resultados, foi possível concluir o elevado potencial de aproveitamento do uso de energia fotovoltaica em edifícios residenciais.
Currently, photovoltaic solar energy is one of the main renewable sources of electricity generation, whose market expansion occurs worldwide. In Brazil, despite its still very small participation in the electricity matrix, the growth has been remarkable since 2012, when the norms of distributed generation were regulated by Normative Resolution No. 482/2012. Thus, the present work proposed to analyze how photovoltaic solar energy can be used as an alternative source of electricity, considering as a case study of existing residential buildings located in the municipality of São José dos Campos - SP. For this purpose, a questionnaire was prepared on the subject in order to understand how this source is seen/known by the target audience of this study. In addition, projects of photovoltaic systems connected to the distribution network (on-grid) were elaborated, in order to discuss the economic, financial and energy results, in order to have an overview of the feasibility of using this source in residential buildings already built. Considering a lifespan of 25 years for photovoltaic panels, the study showed that photovoltaic systems designed to have the maximum use of electricity generation on the roof of buildings, observing their useful areas, would pay for themselves in up to 4 years. In the case of systems dimensioned to supply the energy demand of the common areas of the buildings, the results showed that when the generation is more than enough to fully cover consumption, the excess energy can be injected into the grid and generate credits that can be used in the future by the property itself. From the analysis of the results, it was possible to conclude the high potential for the use of photovoltaic energy in residential buildings.
Currently, photovoltaic solar energy is one of the main renewable sources of electricity generation, whose market expansion occurs worldwide. In Brazil, despite its still very small participation in the electricity matrix, the growth has been remarkable since 2012, when the norms of distributed generation were regulated by Normative Resolution No. 482/2012. Thus, the present work proposed to analyze how photovoltaic solar energy can be used as an alternative source of electricity, considering as a case study of existing residential buildings located in the municipality of São José dos Campos - SP. For this purpose, a questionnaire was prepared on the subject in order to understand how this source is seen/known by the target audience of this study. In addition, projects of photovoltaic systems connected to the distribution network (on-grid) were elaborated, in order to discuss the economic, financial and energy results, in order to have an overview of the feasibility of using this source in residential buildings already built. Considering a lifespan of 25 years for photovoltaic panels, the study showed that photovoltaic systems designed to have the maximum use of electricity generation on the roof of buildings, observing their useful areas, would pay for themselves in up to 4 years. In the case of systems dimensioned to supply the energy demand of the common areas of the buildings, the results showed that when the generation is more than enough to fully cover consumption, the excess energy can be injected into the grid and generate credits that can be used in the future by the property itself. From the analysis of the results, it was possible to conclude the high potential for the use of photovoltaic energy in residential buildings.
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Palavras-chave
Energia solar fotovoltaica, Sistemas fotovoltaicos, Geração de energia elétrica, Sistemas on-grid, Edifícios residenciais, Photovoltaic solar energy, Electricity generation, On-grid system, Photovoltaic systems, Residential buildings