Saneamento em comunidades isoladas: implementação e análise de sistemas alternativos em um assentamento rural
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2022-03-14
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
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A universalização do saneamento básico no Brasil ainda é um grande desafio. Devido a dificuldades técnicas e econômicas, algumas áreas não são atendidas pelos serviços públicos de abastecimento de água e esgotamento sanitário, as comunidades isoladas. Para suprir essa falta, a população dessas comunidades busca soluções alternativas de tratamento de água e esgoto, mas a falta de apoio do Poder Público e ausência de orientação técnica levam à adoção de métodos inadequados ou ao uso incorreto dos sistemas de tratamento. A presente pesquisa realizou um levantamento das condições socioeconômicas e sanitárias de um assentamento rural do município de Ilha Solteira (SP) por meio de entrevistas com os moradores seguindo um roteiro estruturado. A partir dos resultados, foi desenvolvido e entregue aos moradores um material didático a respeito de dois sistemas alternativos de tratamento de água (clorador e SODIS) e dois de tratamento de esgoto (fossa biodigestora e SAC). Posteriormente, esses sistemas foram adaptados e implementados experimentalmente em domicílios da comunidade. Foram avaliadas a eficiência do tratamento e a viabilidade econômica de cada sistema. Entre os sistemas de tratamento de água, o SODIS apresentou o melhor custo-benefício, alcançando eficiências de remoção de CT, E. coli e turbidez de, respectivamente, 98,14%, 96,35% e 44,98%. Entre os sistemas de tratamento de esgoto, o SAC apresentou o melhor custo-benefício, alcançando eficiências de remoção de turbidez, DBO, DQO, ST, NT e PT de, respectivamente, 48,79%, 78,04%, 81,14%, 53,27%, 44,87% e 73,73%. Os quatro sistemas analisados são economicamente acessíveis e podem ser implementados em maior escala em comunidades isoladas.
The universalization of basic sanitation in Brazil is still a big challenge. Due to technical and economic difficulties, some areas are not served by public water supply and sewage services, the isolated communities. To meet this need, the population of these communities seeks alternative solutions for water and sewage treatment, but the lack of support from the Government and the absence of technical guidance lead to the adoption of indequate methods or to the incorrect use of treatment systems. This work carried out a survey of the socioeconomic and sanitary conditions of a rural settlement in Ilha Solteira (SP), Brazil, through interviews with the residents following a structured script. Based on the results, an informative booklet was developed and delivered to residents about two alternative water treatment systems (chlorinator and SODIS) and two sewage treatment systems (biodigester tank and constructed wetland). Posteriorly, these systems were adapted and experimentally implemented in the community households. Treatment efficiency and economic viability of each system were evaluated. Among the water treatment systems, SODIS presented the best cost-benefit, achieving TC, E. coli and turbidity removal efficiencies of, respectively, 98.14%, 96.35% and 44.98%. Among the sewage treatment systems, the constructed wetland presented the best cost-benefit, achieving turbidity, BOD, COD, TS, TN and TP removal efficiencies of, respectively, 48.79%, 78.04%, 81.14 %, 53.27%, 44.87% and 73.73%. The four analyzed systems are affordable and can be implemented on a larger scale in isolated communities.
The universalization of basic sanitation in Brazil is still a big challenge. Due to technical and economic difficulties, some areas are not served by public water supply and sewage services, the isolated communities. To meet this need, the population of these communities seeks alternative solutions for water and sewage treatment, but the lack of support from the Government and the absence of technical guidance lead to the adoption of indequate methods or to the incorrect use of treatment systems. This work carried out a survey of the socioeconomic and sanitary conditions of a rural settlement in Ilha Solteira (SP), Brazil, through interviews with the residents following a structured script. Based on the results, an informative booklet was developed and delivered to residents about two alternative water treatment systems (chlorinator and SODIS) and two sewage treatment systems (biodigester tank and constructed wetland). Posteriorly, these systems were adapted and experimentally implemented in the community households. Treatment efficiency and economic viability of each system were evaluated. Among the water treatment systems, SODIS presented the best cost-benefit, achieving TC, E. coli and turbidity removal efficiencies of, respectively, 98.14%, 96.35% and 44.98%. Among the sewage treatment systems, the constructed wetland presented the best cost-benefit, achieving turbidity, BOD, COD, TS, TN and TP removal efficiencies of, respectively, 48.79%, 78.04%, 81.14 %, 53.27%, 44.87% and 73.73%. The four analyzed systems are affordable and can be implemented on a larger scale in isolated communities.
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Tanques sépticos, Assentamentos humanos, Controle de qualidade da água, Água purificação, Digestão de águas residuais, Saneamento rural, Carvão ativado, Biorremediação, Universal sanitation, Chlorinator with carbon filter, Solar water disinfection, Biodigester tank, Constructed wetland