Sistemática do gênero Vitalius Lucas, Silva & Bertani: evidências morfológicas, moleculares e biogeográficas
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Data
2022-02-18
Autores
Lima, Arthur Galleti [UNESP]
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Editor
Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
Atualmente Vitalius é constituído por dez espécies que ocorrem nas regiões sul e sudeste do Brasil e na prvíncia de Misiones, Argentina. Esses animais apresentam grande homogeneidade morfológica, dificultando a distinção entre espécies próximas ou mesmo mascarando a existência de diversidade genética. Esses problemas podem ser sanados com estudos integrativos com dados morfométricos e moleculares. Este trabalho buscou avaliar caracteres morfométricos que suportem a distinção entre espécies de Vitalius, propor uma hipótese de relacionamento evolutivo entre as espécies de Vitalius e testar a monofilia de uma linhagem de aranhas Theraphosinae através de filogenômica. Este trabalho foi dividos em quatro capítulos: I. Além da morfologia descritiva: diferenciação morfogeométrica de duas espécies de Vitalius Lucas, Silva & Bertani (Mygalomorphae: Theraphosidae); II. A busca por limites morfológicos: a diferenciação de duas espécies de aranhas Theraphosinae usando Análise Elíptica de Fourier; III. Biogeography and morphometrics to delimitate two species of Vitalius Lucas, Silva & Bertani (Mygalomorphae: Theraphosidae); IV. A evolução de uma linhagem de aranhas Theraphosinae e as relações entre espécies de Vitalius Lucas, Silva & Bertani (Mygalomorphae: Theraphosidae): uma visão filogenômica. Os resultados morfométricos possibilitaram a identificação de indivíduos pertencentes a V. roseus (Mello-Leitão, 1923) que apresentam caracteres morfogeometricamente distintos, além de evidenciar que caracteres utilizados em diagnoses de forma descritiva, como os esternos, devem devem ser tratados de forma morfométrica. Ainda foi possível o esclarecimento de dúvidas taxonômicas voltadas à forma do bulbo copulador masculino de P. sazimai Fukushima, Nagahama & Bertani, 2011 e V. nondescriptus (Mello-Leitão, 1926) e a diferenciação de V. paranaensis Bertani, 2001 e V. vellutinus (Mello-Leitão, 1923), que outrora não apresentavam caracteres morfológicos suficientes para a diferenciação de suas fêmeas. Por fim, foi apresentado uma análise filogenômica consistente para a linhagem de aranhas Theraphosinae com quilhas retrolateral e subapical, indicando a monofilia do clado. Este trabalho possibilita a discussão da importância de estruturas taxonômicas em grupos com poucos caracteres morfológicos diagnósticos e que são baseados muitas das vezes em caracteres1 subjetivos, além de esclarecer com base em metodologia molecular as relações evolutivas de um importante grupo constituinte de Theraphosinae, criando subsídios para mais estudos envolvendo essas aranhas e contribuindo para o conhecimento acerca da evolução da família Theraphosidae.
Currently, Vitalius is constituted by ten species that occur in the south and southeast regions of Brazil and Misiones, Argentina. These animals have high morphological homogeneity, turning it difficult to distinguish between closely related species or even masking the existence of genetic diversity. These problems can be solved with integrative studies with morphometric and molecular data. This work objective to evaluate morphometric characters that support the distinction between Vitalius species, to propose a hypothesis of an evolutionary relationship between Vitalius species and to test the monophyly of a lineage of Theraphosinae spiders using phylogenomics. This work was divided into four chapters: I. Besides the descriptive morphology: morphogeometric differentiation of two species of Vitalius Lucas, Silva & Bertani (Mygalomorphae; Theraphosidae); II. The search for morphological limits: the differentiation of two Theraphosinae spiders using Elliptic Fourier Analysis; III. Biogeography and morphometrics to delimitate two species of Vitalius Lucas, Silva & Bertani (Mygalomorphae: Theraphosidae); IV. The evolution of a Theraphosinae spider lineage and the relationships between Vitalius species Lucas, Silva & Bertani (Mygalomorphae: Theraphosidae): a phylogenomic view. The morphometric results allowed the identification of individuals belonging to V. roseus (Mello-Leitão, 1923) that present morphogeometrically distinct characters, in addition to showing that characters used in descriptive diagnoses, such as the sternum, must be treated in a morphometric way. It was also possible to clarify taxonomic doubts regarding the shape of the male copulatory bulb of P. sazimai Fukushima, Nagahama & Bertani, 2001 and V. nondescriptus (Mello-Leitão, 1926) and the differentiation of V. paranaensis Bertani, 2001 and V. vellutinus (Mello-Leitão, 1923), which in the past did not have enough morphological characters to differentiate their females. Finally, a consistent phylogenomic analysis was presented for the lineage of Theraphosinae spiders with retrolateral and subapical keels, indicating the clade monophyly. This work makes it possible to discuss the importance of taxonomic structures in groups with few diagnostic morphological characters and which are often based on subjective characters, in addition to clarifying, based on molecular methodology, the evolutionary relationships of an important group of Theraphosinae,1 creating subsidies for more studies involving these spiders and contributing to the knowledge about the evolution of the Theraphosidae family.
Currently, Vitalius is constituted by ten species that occur in the south and southeast regions of Brazil and Misiones, Argentina. These animals have high morphological homogeneity, turning it difficult to distinguish between closely related species or even masking the existence of genetic diversity. These problems can be solved with integrative studies with morphometric and molecular data. This work objective to evaluate morphometric characters that support the distinction between Vitalius species, to propose a hypothesis of an evolutionary relationship between Vitalius species and to test the monophyly of a lineage of Theraphosinae spiders using phylogenomics. This work was divided into four chapters: I. Besides the descriptive morphology: morphogeometric differentiation of two species of Vitalius Lucas, Silva & Bertani (Mygalomorphae; Theraphosidae); II. The search for morphological limits: the differentiation of two Theraphosinae spiders using Elliptic Fourier Analysis; III. Biogeography and morphometrics to delimitate two species of Vitalius Lucas, Silva & Bertani (Mygalomorphae: Theraphosidae); IV. The evolution of a Theraphosinae spider lineage and the relationships between Vitalius species Lucas, Silva & Bertani (Mygalomorphae: Theraphosidae): a phylogenomic view. The morphometric results allowed the identification of individuals belonging to V. roseus (Mello-Leitão, 1923) that present morphogeometrically distinct characters, in addition to showing that characters used in descriptive diagnoses, such as the sternum, must be treated in a morphometric way. It was also possible to clarify taxonomic doubts regarding the shape of the male copulatory bulb of P. sazimai Fukushima, Nagahama & Bertani, 2001 and V. nondescriptus (Mello-Leitão, 1926) and the differentiation of V. paranaensis Bertani, 2001 and V. vellutinus (Mello-Leitão, 1923), which in the past did not have enough morphological characters to differentiate their females. Finally, a consistent phylogenomic analysis was presented for the lineage of Theraphosinae spiders with retrolateral and subapical keels, indicating the clade monophyly. This work makes it possible to discuss the importance of taxonomic structures in groups with few diagnostic morphological characters and which are often based on subjective characters, in addition to clarifying, based on molecular methodology, the evolutionary relationships of an important group of Theraphosinae,1 creating subsidies for more studies involving these spiders and contributing to the knowledge about the evolution of the Theraphosidae family.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Caranguejeiras, Morfometria, Contornos fechados, UCE’s, Tarantulas, Morphometry, Closed contours, UCE's