Materiais gráficos inclusivos na área da saúde: avaliação e contribuições do Design em sua concepção
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Data
2022-05-13
Autores
Medina, Camila
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
Materiais educacionais são importantes ferramentas de comunicação entre profissional de saúde e paciente e/ou seu familiar, pois podem ser usados para educar e comunicar, de maneira simples e direta, sobre uma condição em saúde, tratamento ou maneira de utilizar alguma tecnologia assistiva. São considerados inovações sociais que buscam oferecer novas soluções, estratégias e conceitos que atendam às necessidades e interesses sociais, voltados à promoção à saúde, intervenção e autocuidado. Nesse sentido, é necessário considerar sobretudo os conceitos de Design de Informação e Design Gráfico Inclusivo em sua concepção. Essa pesquisa visa ampliar o estudo sobre este tipo de artefato, aqui chamado de Material Gráfico Inclusivo em Saúde (MGIS), com o objetivo traçar parâmetros, conceitos e metodologias de concepção. Para tal, o trabalho foi organizado em oito estudos que se referem a contextualização, avaliação e elaboração desses produtos, com ênfase em manuais de instrução de aparelhos de amplificação sonora individuais (AASI). Em primeiro lugar, foram coletados e analisados dados sobre os manuais de instrução de AASI disponibilizados pelos fabricantes desses dispositivos quanto à avaliação de 17 capas com análise descritiva e avaliação do índice de facilidade de leitura Flesch (IFLF) e sua relação com uso de imagens de 2 itens de 5 manuais por meio da ferramenta Coh-Metrix-Port 3.0, que calcula índices que avaliam coesão, coerência e dificuldade de compreensão em um texto por meio da. Sendo esta tese uma continuidade de pesquisa anterior, o estudo seguinte traz avaliação heurística, feita por 5 peritos designers, de material de instrução de AASI criado pela autora aplicando-se princípios de design para materiais em saúde. Por fim, dois estudos teóricos procuram aprofundar questões sobre os conteúdos textual e gráfico dos MGIS. Quanto ao conteúdo textual, o foco foi os aspectos referentes à tipografia inclusiva e linguagem simples. Em complemento, um levantamento bibliográfico acerca das recomendações quanto ao uso de imagens para instrução de materiais inclusivos no contexto da saúde é apresentado. Os resultados indicam que nos manuais de AASI disponibilizados pelos fabricantes, são sugeridas alterações como: aumentar o tamanho final dos materiais, incluir espaços e/ou elementos para a personalização e apresentar um manual para cada modelo fabricado. Em relação ao IFLF e o uso das imagens, os resultados demonstram que esses manuais possuem difícil nível de leitura, aliados ao emprego de poucas imagens e pictogramas. No que se refere à avaliação heurística, ficou evidenciada a importância da investigação de aspectos inerentes ao design gráfico junto a profissionais com experiência prática e acadêmica para detectar possíveis falhas em projetos dessa natureza. Sobre aos aspectos teóricos, o estudo acerca do conteúdo textual em manuais aponta que é preciso priorizar o uso da linguagem simples e tipografia inclusiva para tornar materiais gráficos na área da saúde mais acessíveis. Quanto ao conteúdo imagético para instrução é recomendado utilizar imagens que ilustrem informações relevantes e que representem e complementem informações de texto em caso de conteúdo complexo; usar imagens com linhas simples que denotem a abstração de detalhes e abrangência de significado; padronizar estilo e seguir elementos de representação quando usadas sequências pictóricas para instrução. Dessa forma, a interface entre o Design e a área da saúde (especialmente a Fonoaudiologia) busca soluções para a concepção de materiais gráficos inclusivos de promoção à saúde e que contribuam para a inclusão social e participação igualitária na sociedade do indivíduo com menor letramento funcional em saúde, idosos e/ou com alguma deficiência.
Educational materials are important communication tools between healthcare professionals and patients and/or their family members, as they can be used to educate and communicate, in a simple and direct way, about a health condition, treatment or way of using some assistive technology. They are considered social innovations that seek to offer new solutions, treatments and assistance to social interests, health care and self-care, intervention. In this sense, it is necessary to consider, above all, the concepts of Information Design and Inclusive Graphic Design in its creation. This health aims to expand parameters, concepts and creation methodologies. To this end, the work was organized in eight studies that refer to a contextualization, evaluation and elaboration of these, with emphasis on the instruction manuals of products of individual sound equipment (AASI). First, the index was evaluated and the data analyzed on the ASI instruction manuals made available by the device manufacturers of 17 evaluation capabilities with descriptive analysis of Flesch Reading Ease of Use (IFLF) and its relationship to the images. of 2 tool items from 5 manuals through h-Me through tool 3. 3. items that assess the text through the understanding of a text through. Being this thesis a continuation of the evaluation research, the following heuristic study made by 5 designers, of instructional material of hearing aids created by applying design principles to materials in health. Finally, two theoretical studies research and deepen questions about the graphic graphic contents of MGIS. As for the textual content, the focus was on aspects related to inclusive typography and simple language. In addition, a bibliographic survey about the recommendations regarding the use of images for the instruction of inclusive materials in the health context is presented. The results indicate that in the HA manuals made available by the manufacturers, changes are suggested such as: increasing the final size of the materials, including spaces and/or elements for personalization and presenting a manual for each model manufactured. Regarding the IFLF and the use of images, the results show that these manuals have a difficult reading level, combined with the use of few images and pictograms. With regard to the heuristic evaluation, the importance of investigating aspects inherent to graphic design with professionals with practical and academic experience was evidenced to detect possible failures in projects of this nature. Regarding the theoretical aspects, the study on the textual content in manuals points out that it is necessary to prioritize the use of simple language and inclusive typography to make graphic materials in the health area more accessible. As for the image content for instruction, it is recommended to use images that illustrate relevant information and that represent and complement text information in case of complex content; use images with simple lines that denote the abstraction of details and scope of meaning; standardize style and follow representational elements when using pictorial sequences for instruction. In this way, the interface between Design and the health area (especially Speech Therapy) seeks solutions for the design of inclusive graphic materials for health promotion and that contribute to social inclusion and equal participation in society of the individual with lower functional literacy in health, elderly and/or disabled.
Educational materials are important communication tools between healthcare professionals and patients and/or their family members, as they can be used to educate and communicate, in a simple and direct way, about a health condition, treatment or way of using some assistive technology. They are considered social innovations that seek to offer new solutions, treatments and assistance to social interests, health care and self-care, intervention. In this sense, it is necessary to consider, above all, the concepts of Information Design and Inclusive Graphic Design in its creation. This health aims to expand parameters, concepts and creation methodologies. To this end, the work was organized in eight studies that refer to a contextualization, evaluation and elaboration of these, with emphasis on the instruction manuals of products of individual sound equipment (AASI). First, the index was evaluated and the data analyzed on the ASI instruction manuals made available by the device manufacturers of 17 evaluation capabilities with descriptive analysis of Flesch Reading Ease of Use (IFLF) and its relationship to the images. of 2 tool items from 5 manuals through h-Me through tool 3. 3. items that assess the text through the understanding of a text through. Being this thesis a continuation of the evaluation research, the following heuristic study made by 5 designers, of instructional material of hearing aids created by applying design principles to materials in health. Finally, two theoretical studies research and deepen questions about the graphic graphic contents of MGIS. As for the textual content, the focus was on aspects related to inclusive typography and simple language. In addition, a bibliographic survey about the recommendations regarding the use of images for the instruction of inclusive materials in the health context is presented. The results indicate that in the HA manuals made available by the manufacturers, changes are suggested such as: increasing the final size of the materials, including spaces and/or elements for personalization and presenting a manual for each model manufactured. Regarding the IFLF and the use of images, the results show that these manuals have a difficult reading level, combined with the use of few images and pictograms. With regard to the heuristic evaluation, the importance of investigating aspects inherent to graphic design with professionals with practical and academic experience was evidenced to detect possible failures in projects of this nature. Regarding the theoretical aspects, the study on the textual content in manuals points out that it is necessary to prioritize the use of simple language and inclusive typography to make graphic materials in the health area more accessible. As for the image content for instruction, it is recommended to use images that illustrate relevant information and that represent and complement text information in case of complex content; use images with simple lines that denote the abstraction of details and scope of meaning; standardize style and follow representational elements when using pictorial sequences for instruction. In this way, the interface between Design and the health area (especially Speech Therapy) seeks solutions for the design of inclusive graphic materials for health promotion and that contribute to social inclusion and equal participation in society of the individual with lower functional literacy in health, elderly and/or disabled.
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Palavras-chave
Design Gráfico Inclusivo, Design da Informação, Materiais gráficos inclusivos em saúde, Manuais de instrução de aparelhos de amplificação sonora individuais, Inclusive Graphic Design, Information Design, inclusive graphic materials in health, instruction manuals for hearing aids