A revista cultural La Quinta Rueda (1972-1973): políticas culturais e engajamento intelectual no Chile da Unidade Popular
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Data
2022-04-07
Autores
Soares, Amanda Beatriz Riedlinger
Título da Revista
ISSN da Revista
Título de Volume
Editor
Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
Salvador Allende venceu as eleições presidenciais do Chile em 1970 sustentado pela Unidade Popular (UP), e durante seu governo, foi inaugurada uma nova dinâmica nas relações entre o campo da política e da cultura. A partir do aporte teórico-metodológico da história intelectual, da história dos intelectuais, dos estudos sobre a imprensa, e da nova história política, esta pesquisa investiga e discute as relações bilaterais estabelecidas entre o governo de Allende e parte significativa do campo da cultura. Por um lado, busca compreender as políticas culturais propostas e efetivadas pela UP, ao considerar a importância da ação do Estado para a manutenção e o desenvolvimento da cultura. Por outro, propõe analisar o engajamento de intelectuais e artistas que se identificaram com o governo e auxiliaram o processo revolucionário desde a criação artístico-literária. Devido à extensão que compreende o campo da cultura, a pesquisa priorizou um eixo cultural específico para a análise: o campo editorial-literário, representado pela editora nacional Quimantú, adquirida pelo governo em 1971, e pelo engajamento de escritores intelectuais comprometidos com as transformações revolucionárias. Esta eleição, no entanto, não impediu a análise de outras políticas culturais do governo. A discussão foi conduzida pela revista cultural La Quinta Rueda, fonte e objeto da pesquisa. Publicada mensalmente no Chile entre outubro de 1972 e agosto de 1973, pela editora Quimantú, a revista se constituiu um fórum para relevantes discussões inseridas no debate cultural e intelectual e trouxe, em suas páginas, artigos, matérias, entrevistas e comentários que se referem à ação (mas também à inação) do governo para auxiliar e desenvolver a cultura nacional. Assim, o próprio nome da revista determinou sua postura crítica. Na metáfora proposta, a “quinta rueda” se refere à cultura, como se esta fosse um estepe, a “quinta roda” de um carro para o governo: algo que sobra, talvez inútil e, portanto, indigno de atenção. Diante desta posição, cabe questionar: a cultura foi, de fato, a “quinta rueda” para o governo de Allende? Qual foi a posição assumida por intelectuais e artistas vinculados ao espaço da revista frente ao novo governo, sobretudo no que se refere à sua ação político-cultural? Parte-se daí para novos e instigantes questionamentos. Em um contexto de transformações radicais, também a cultura foi proposta a partir de novos princípios.
Salvador Allende won the 1970 Chilean presidential elections supported by the Popular Unity. His government inaugurated a new dynamic in the relations between politics and culture. Based on the theoretical and methodological contributions of the history of concepts, the intellectual history, studies on the press, and the new political history, this research investigates and discusses the bilateral relations established between Allende's government and a significant part of the cultural field. On the one hand, it seeks to understand the cultural policies proposed and carried out by Popular Unity, considering the importance of political actions for maintaining and developing culture. On the other, it proposes to analyze the engagement of intellectuals and artists who identified themselves with the government and assisted the revolutionary process by artisticliterary ways. Due to the extension that comprises the field of culture, the research prioritized a specific cultural axis for analysis: the publishing-literary field, represented by the national publishing house Quimantú, acquired by the government in 1971, and by the engagement of intellectual writers committed to the revolutionary transformations. This selection, however, did not prevent the analysis of other cultural policies of the government. The cultural magazine La Quinta Rueda led the discussion as a source and object for the research. Published monthly in Chile between October 1972 and August 1973 by Quimantú publishing house, the magazine was a forum for relevant discussions within the cultural and intellectual debate and brought articles, features, interviews, and commentaries that referred to the action (but also the lack of action) of the government to assist and develop the national culture. Thus, the very name of the magazine determined its critical posture. In the proposed metaphor, the "Quinta Rueda" (fifthwheel) refers to culture, as if it were non-important such as the "fifth-wheel" of a car for the government: something left over, perhaps useless and, therefore, unworthy of attention. Faced with this position, it is worth asking: was culture, in fact, the "fifthwheel" for Allende's government? What was the position assumed by intellectuals and artists linked to the magazine's space in front of the new government, especially in its political-cultural action? These questions lead to new and instigating ones. These radical transformations proposed new principles for culture.
Salvador Allende won the 1970 Chilean presidential elections supported by the Popular Unity. His government inaugurated a new dynamic in the relations between politics and culture. Based on the theoretical and methodological contributions of the history of concepts, the intellectual history, studies on the press, and the new political history, this research investigates and discusses the bilateral relations established between Allende's government and a significant part of the cultural field. On the one hand, it seeks to understand the cultural policies proposed and carried out by Popular Unity, considering the importance of political actions for maintaining and developing culture. On the other, it proposes to analyze the engagement of intellectuals and artists who identified themselves with the government and assisted the revolutionary process by artisticliterary ways. Due to the extension that comprises the field of culture, the research prioritized a specific cultural axis for analysis: the publishing-literary field, represented by the national publishing house Quimantú, acquired by the government in 1971, and by the engagement of intellectual writers committed to the revolutionary transformations. This selection, however, did not prevent the analysis of other cultural policies of the government. The cultural magazine La Quinta Rueda led the discussion as a source and object for the research. Published monthly in Chile between October 1972 and August 1973 by Quimantú publishing house, the magazine was a forum for relevant discussions within the cultural and intellectual debate and brought articles, features, interviews, and commentaries that referred to the action (but also the lack of action) of the government to assist and develop the national culture. Thus, the very name of the magazine determined its critical posture. In the proposed metaphor, the "Quinta Rueda" (fifthwheel) refers to culture, as if it were non-important such as the "fifth-wheel" of a car for the government: something left over, perhaps useless and, therefore, unworthy of attention. Faced with this position, it is worth asking: was culture, in fact, the "fifthwheel" for Allende's government? What was the position assumed by intellectuals and artists linked to the magazine's space in front of the new government, especially in its political-cultural action? These questions lead to new and instigating ones. These radical transformations proposed new principles for culture.
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Palavras-chave
La Quinta Rueda., Unidade Popular, Política cultural., Engajamento., Intelectuais., Intellectuals