O uso de agroquímicos na agricultura familiar: os desafios no cumprimento das normas de segurança
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Data
2022-06-08
Autores
Ferreira de Santana, Rejane
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Editor
Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
A agricultura familiar produz cerca 80% dos alimentos no mundo. No Brasil estima-se que 77% das propriedades rurais são classificadas como agricultura familiar. Apesar da sua importância, os agricultores familiares enfrentam dificuldades, como a falta de entendimento sobre a importância da segurança no trabalho no uso de agroquímicos. No Brasil, os agroquímicos chegaram com a conhecida “Revolução Verde”, a partir da década de 1960-70, sustentada pelo fundamento que tal política acabaria com a fome que atingia boa parte da população. Esta ação provocou profundas mudanças no modelo tradicional da produção agrícola no país. Com a popularização dos agroquímicos, essas substâncias químicas passam a fazer parte do cotidiano da vida dos agricultores familiares, tornando-os cada vez mais vulneráveis aos riscos a doenças fatais. Dessa forma, os índices de intoxicações exógenas podem aumentar, bem como os impactos causados ao meio ambiente. Os agricultores familiares apresentam dificuldades em fazer uso de práticas seguras na produção, no que envolve o manuseio e manipulação de agroquímicos. Sendo assim, esta pesquisa tem como objetivo geral analisar os desafios encontrados para o cumprimento das normas de segurança no uso de agroquímicos na agricultura familiar, na região da Nova Alta Paulista. Para tanto, além da pesquisa na literatura, este estudo de caso teve uma abordagem qualitativa, de natureza aplicada, exploratória e descritiva. Para coleta e tratamento dos dados, o estudo contou com observação in loco, registro fotográfico, pesquisa documental, além das entrevistas, com os agricultores familiares, por meio de um questionário. Entre os agricultores familiares participantes desta pesquisa, a substância química com base no glifosato é a mais utilizada. Isso revela que pode haver relação com risco ocupacional, por exposição a herbicidas que podem acarretar diversos danos à saúde, além dos impactos ambientais. Há relatos que após manifestação de sintomas relacionados a intoxicação, houve práticas de automedicamento. É perceptível que os agricultores familiares reconheçam os riscos de intoxicação por utilizarem agroquímicos, mas divergem quanto à existência do risco de exposição de pessoas que vivem próximas à propriedade rural. Outra evidência é que os participantes alegam a faltam pontos de recebimento de embalagens de agroquímicos no município da propriedade rural, forçando o agricultor familiar a optar por armazenar as embalagens na propriedade, seja em lugar próprio, como também em lugares impróprios. Os desafios encontrados na agricultura familiar são diversos. Por fim, as consequências das dificuldades que os agricultores enfrentam para cumprir as normas de segurança no trabalho afetam não apenas ao agricultor familiar e sua família, mas também apresentam riscos à população rural, ao meio ambiente e saúde da humana.
Family farming produces about 80% of the world's food. In Brazil, it is estimated that 77% of farms are classified as family farming. Despite their importance, family farmers face difficulties, such as the lack of understanding of the importance of work safety when using agrochemicals. In Brazil, agrochemicals arrived with the so-called "Green Revolution" in 1960-70s, supported by the rationale that such policy would end the hunger that affected a large part of the Brazilian population. This action led to deep changes in the traditional model of agricultural production. With the popularization of agrochemicals, these chemicals became part of the daily life of family farmers, making them increasingly vulnerable to the risks of fatal diseases. Thus, the rates of exogenous poisoning can increase, as well as the impacts caused to the environment. Family farmers have difficulties in using safe practices in production, which involves the handling and manipulation of agrochemicals. Thus, this research aims to analyze the challenges faced in complying with the safety standards for the use of agrochemicals by family farming in the Nova Alta Paulista region. To reach this aim, in addition to a literature review, a case study that has a qualitative approach, and an applied, exploratory, and descriptive nature was carried out. For data collection and processing, the study relied on on-site observation, photographic records, access to information present in regulatory norms, legislation, and provided by official bodies, in addition to interviews with family farmers. The results showed that women are starting to understand the importance of washing contaminated clothing separately from family clothing in order to reduce the risk of contamination. According to the family farmers interviewed, glyphosate-based chemicals are the most used. This reveals a high occupational risk through exposure to herbicides, which can lead to several health damages, in addition to environmental impacts. There are reports that after symptoms related to intoxication were manifested, some farmers adopted self-medication. It is noticeable that family farmers recognize the risks of intoxication by using agrochemicals, but they disagree about the risk of exposure to people who live near the farm. Another evidence is that there is a lack of points of reception of agrochemical containers in the municipality of the rural property, forcing family farmers to choose to store the containers on the property, either in a proper place or in inappropriate places. The challenges encountered in family farming are diverse. In addition, the consequences of the difficulties that farmers face in complying with occupational safety standards affect not only the family farmer and his family, but also present risks to the rural population, the environment, and human health.
Family farming produces about 80% of the world's food. In Brazil, it is estimated that 77% of farms are classified as family farming. Despite their importance, family farmers face difficulties, such as the lack of understanding of the importance of work safety when using agrochemicals. In Brazil, agrochemicals arrived with the so-called "Green Revolution" in 1960-70s, supported by the rationale that such policy would end the hunger that affected a large part of the Brazilian population. This action led to deep changes in the traditional model of agricultural production. With the popularization of agrochemicals, these chemicals became part of the daily life of family farmers, making them increasingly vulnerable to the risks of fatal diseases. Thus, the rates of exogenous poisoning can increase, as well as the impacts caused to the environment. Family farmers have difficulties in using safe practices in production, which involves the handling and manipulation of agrochemicals. Thus, this research aims to analyze the challenges faced in complying with the safety standards for the use of agrochemicals by family farming in the Nova Alta Paulista region. To reach this aim, in addition to a literature review, a case study that has a qualitative approach, and an applied, exploratory, and descriptive nature was carried out. For data collection and processing, the study relied on on-site observation, photographic records, access to information present in regulatory norms, legislation, and provided by official bodies, in addition to interviews with family farmers. The results showed that women are starting to understand the importance of washing contaminated clothing separately from family clothing in order to reduce the risk of contamination. According to the family farmers interviewed, glyphosate-based chemicals are the most used. This reveals a high occupational risk through exposure to herbicides, which can lead to several health damages, in addition to environmental impacts. There are reports that after symptoms related to intoxication were manifested, some farmers adopted self-medication. It is noticeable that family farmers recognize the risks of intoxication by using agrochemicals, but they disagree about the risk of exposure to people who live near the farm. Another evidence is that there is a lack of points of reception of agrochemical containers in the municipality of the rural property, forcing family farmers to choose to store the containers on the property, either in a proper place or in inappropriate places. The challenges encountered in family farming are diverse. In addition, the consequences of the difficulties that farmers face in complying with occupational safety standards affect not only the family farmer and his family, but also present risks to the rural population, the environment, and human health.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Agricultura familiar, Agroquímicos, Normas de segurança, Family farming, Agrochemicals, Safety standards