Diagnóstico e definição de áreas prioritárias à conservação e preservação ambiental da Bacia Hidrográfica do Rio Novo, UGRHI-17, São Paulo
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2022-08-15
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
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O uso inadequado da terra causa conflitos sociais, processos erosivos, assoreamento de rios e de nascentes, empobrecimento do solo, perda da biodiversidade e degradações ambientais de diversas naturezas. Este cenário demonstra a necessidade de um planejamento eficaz tanto para a utilização do solo, quanto dos recursos naturais. A presente tese parte da hipótese de que os fatores uso e cobertura da terra, as áreas de preservação permanente, as unidades de conservação e a capacidade de uso da terra, analisados em conjunto, são critérios fundamentais para a definição das áreas prioritárias à conservação e preservação ambiental em bacias hidrográficas, pois proporcionam condições para a avaliação e integração de parâmetros espaciais, associando critérios legais, técnicos e científicos, que permitem análises robustas, eficientes e possíveis de serem replicadas em outras bacias hidrográfica. Diante disso, a tese objetivou definir áreas prioritárias à conservação e preservação ambiental na Bacia Hidrográfica do Rio Novo (BHRN), no Estado de São Paulo, como subsídio ao Sexto e ao Décimo Quinto Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável da Organização das Nações Unidas, que compõem a Agenda 2030, visando contribuir com a gestão dos recursos hídricos e a proteção, recuperação e promoção do uso sustentável dos ecossistemas terrestres, para combater a degradação dos recursos naturais e a perda da biodiversidade, utilizando técnicas de geoprocessamento aliadas à abordagem espacial multicriterial. Para isso, inicialmente foi elaborada a base cartográfica e o mapeamento das características físicas do terreno (morfometria e de solos). Posteriormente foi realizado o mapeamento do uso e cobertura da terra, analisado o uso da água a partir dos dados disponíveis, o mapeamento das Áreas de Preservação Permanentes (APP) e da capacidade de uso da terra, bem como a identificação dos conflitos de uso. Também foram verificadas e avaliadas as unidades de conservação (UC) que estão presentes na área e, por fim, definidas as áreas prioritárias à conservação e preservação ambiental na BHRN por meio do Processo de Hierarquia Analítica (AHP) e a integração dos dados pela Combinação Linear Ponderada (CLP) em um Sistema de Informação Geográfica ambiente (SIG). Quanto às características físicas, a BHRN possui predominantemente relevos suaves e moderadamente inclinados e solos do tipo Latossolos Vermelhos, Argissolos Vermelho-Amarelos, Nitossolo Vermelho e Gleissolos Háplicos. As terras são predominantemente cobertas por cultivos agrícolas, pastagens e silvicultura. As APP cobrem 7,19% da área de estudo, sendo que 27,27% delas estão em conflito de uso. Quanto à capacidade de uso da terra, foram observadas as classes de II a VI, com predomínio de 64,75% da classe III. Cerca de 23% das classes V e VI, estão em conflito de uso. Nas UC foram encontrados conflitos de uso nas APP e de capacidades de uso da terra nos seus interiores e em suas áreas de influência. A partir destes dados foram atribuídos pesos às variáveis analisadas e definidas as áreas prioritárias à conservação e preservação ambiental na bacia hidrográfica através da AHP e a integração dos dados pela CLP em ambiente SIG. O mapeamento do uso e cobertura da terra, apresentou o maior peso na AHP e foi essencial no contexto da priorização de áreas na bacia hidrográfica, pois a partir dele foi possível verificar a distribuição e a sua compatibilidade com relação às áreas protegidas (APP e UC) e com a capacidades de uso da terra. A priorização proposta mostrou-se coerente uma vez que foi possível definir e identificar os níveis de prioridade, sendo que as áreas com prioridade ‘muito alta’ e ‘alta’ são aquelas que devem ser enfocadas primeiro ou mesmo emergencialmente no processo de planejamento e gestão, e aquelas áreas com ‘baixa’ e ‘muito baixa’ prioridade apresentam melhores níveis de conservação e não possuem urgência nesse processo.
Inadequate land use results in social conflict, erosion processes, river and spring siltation, soil impoverishment, loss of biodiversity, and environmental degradation of various kinds. This scenario demonstrates the need for effective planning for both land use and natural resources. This thesis is based on the hypothesis that the factors of land use and cover, permanent preservation areas, conservation units and land use capacity, analyzed together, are fundamental criteria for defining priority areas for environmental conservation and preservation in drainage basins, as they provide conditions for the assessment and integration of spatial parameters, associating legal, technical and scientific studies, which allow for robust, efficient assessments that can be replicated in other drainage basins. In view of this, this thesis aimed to define priority areas for environmental conservation and preservation in the Rio Novo Drainage Basin (BHRN), in the State of São Paulo, Brazil, as a subsidy to the Sixth and Fifteenth Sustainable Development Goals of the United Nations, which make up the Agenda 2030, aiming to contribute to the management of water resources and the protection, recovery and promotion of the sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, in order to combat the degradation of natural resources and the loss of biodiversity, using geoprocessing techniques combined with the multi-criteria spatial approach. To do this, the cartographic base and the mapping of the physical characteristics of the terrain (morphometrics and soils) were initially prepared. Subsequently, land use and land cover mapping was conducted, water use was analyzed based on available data, and Permanent Preservation Areas (PPA) and land use capacity were mapped, as well as the identification of use conflicts. The conservation units (UC) that are present in the area were also verified and assessed, and finally, priority areas for conservation and environmental preservation in the BHRN were defined through an Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and the integration of data by the Weighted Linear Combination (WLC) in an Environmental Geographic Information System (GIS). Regarding the physical characteristics, the BHRN has predominantly smooth and moderately inclined reliefs and soils of the types Red Latosol, Red-Yellow Argisol, Red Nitosol, and Haplic Gleysol. The lands are predominantly covered by agricultural crops, pastures, and forestry. PPAs cover 7.19% of the study area, and 27.27% of them present conflicts of use. As for land use capacity, Classes II to VI were observed, with a predominance of 64.75% of Class III. About 23% of Classes V and VI are in conflict of use. In the UCs, conflicts of use in the PPA and land use capacities were observed in their interiors and in their areas of influence. Based on these data, weights were assigned to the variables analyzed, with priority areas for environmental conservation and preservation in the drainage basin being defined through the AHP and the integration of data by the CLP in an environmental GIS. The mapping of land use and land cover had the greatest weight in the AHP and was essential in the context of prioritizing areas in the drainage basin, as it made it possible to verify the distribution and compatibility with the protected areas (PPA and UC) and land use capabilities. The proposed prioritization proved to be coherent, as it was possible to define and identify the levels of priority, with areas with “very high” and “high” priority are those that should be focused on first or even urgently in the planning and management process, while areas with “low” and “very low” priority have better levels of conservation and do not require urgency in this process.
Inadequate land use results in social conflict, erosion processes, river and spring siltation, soil impoverishment, loss of biodiversity, and environmental degradation of various kinds. This scenario demonstrates the need for effective planning for both land use and natural resources. This thesis is based on the hypothesis that the factors of land use and cover, permanent preservation areas, conservation units and land use capacity, analyzed together, are fundamental criteria for defining priority areas for environmental conservation and preservation in drainage basins, as they provide conditions for the assessment and integration of spatial parameters, associating legal, technical and scientific studies, which allow for robust, efficient assessments that can be replicated in other drainage basins. In view of this, this thesis aimed to define priority areas for environmental conservation and preservation in the Rio Novo Drainage Basin (BHRN), in the State of São Paulo, Brazil, as a subsidy to the Sixth and Fifteenth Sustainable Development Goals of the United Nations, which make up the Agenda 2030, aiming to contribute to the management of water resources and the protection, recovery and promotion of the sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, in order to combat the degradation of natural resources and the loss of biodiversity, using geoprocessing techniques combined with the multi-criteria spatial approach. To do this, the cartographic base and the mapping of the physical characteristics of the terrain (morphometrics and soils) were initially prepared. Subsequently, land use and land cover mapping was conducted, water use was analyzed based on available data, and Permanent Preservation Areas (PPA) and land use capacity were mapped, as well as the identification of use conflicts. The conservation units (UC) that are present in the area were also verified and assessed, and finally, priority areas for conservation and environmental preservation in the BHRN were defined through an Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and the integration of data by the Weighted Linear Combination (WLC) in an Environmental Geographic Information System (GIS). Regarding the physical characteristics, the BHRN has predominantly smooth and moderately inclined reliefs and soils of the types Red Latosol, Red-Yellow Argisol, Red Nitosol, and Haplic Gleysol. The lands are predominantly covered by agricultural crops, pastures, and forestry. PPAs cover 7.19% of the study area, and 27.27% of them present conflicts of use. As for land use capacity, Classes II to VI were observed, with a predominance of 64.75% of Class III. About 23% of Classes V and VI are in conflict of use. In the UCs, conflicts of use in the PPA and land use capacities were observed in their interiors and in their areas of influence. Based on these data, weights were assigned to the variables analyzed, with priority areas for environmental conservation and preservation in the drainage basin being defined through the AHP and the integration of data by the CLP in an environmental GIS. The mapping of land use and land cover had the greatest weight in the AHP and was essential in the context of prioritizing areas in the drainage basin, as it made it possible to verify the distribution and compatibility with the protected areas (PPA and UC) and land use capabilities. The proposed prioritization proved to be coherent, as it was possible to define and identify the levels of priority, with areas with “very high” and “high” priority are those that should be focused on first or even urgently in the planning and management process, while areas with “low” and “very low” priority have better levels of conservation and do not require urgency in this process.
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Preservação da biodiversidade, Manutenção e recuperação dos recursos naturais, Geotecnologias, Análise espacial multicriterial, Biodiversity preservation, Maintenance and recovery of natural resources, Geotechnologies, Multicriteria spatial analysis