Resistência de genótipos de feijão à Chrysodeixis includens e influência de micorrizas e silício na tolerância de milho e soja à insetos-praga
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Data
2022-09-02
Autores
Ulhoa, Lucas Adjuto
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Editor
Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
O controle de Crysodeixis includens na cultura do feijão e Spodoptera frugiperda nas culturas da soja e do milho tem sido realizado principalmente através da aplicação de inseticidas químicos e/ou do uso de plantas transgênicas que expressam as proteínas inseticidas de Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt). Entretanto, estes métodos de controle podem impor uma forte pressão de seleção nas populações das lagartas, favorecendo a evolução da resistência. Portanto, o uso de genótipos resistentes a insetos-praga e a aplicação de Silício (Si) e Fungos Micorrízicos Arbusculares (FMAs) para induzir a resistência e/ou melhorar o desenvolvimento das plantas, são alternativas promissoras para serem usadas no manejo integrado desses insetos-praga. As plantas resistentes possuem complexos mecanismos bioquímicos e morfológicos de defesa contra pragas. O Si absorvido pelas plantas é depositado no tecido das folhas, formando uma barreira mecânica que dificulta a alimentação do inseto herbívoro. Os FMAs formam associações com as raízes e ajudam as plantas na absorção de nutrientes e água. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram avaliar a expressão de possíveis fontes de resistência constitutiva e induzida de doze genótipos comerciais de feijão à C. includens. Além disso, avaliar os efeitos da aplicação de Si e FMA no desenvolvimento e na tolerância de soja e milho a S. frugiperda em casa de vegetação e de soja as diferentes pragas no campo. Foram realizados ensaios de atratividade, preferência alimentar, índices nutricionais e antibiose para selecionar genótipos de feijão com fontes de resistência á C. includens. Além disso, foi avaliado o desenvolvimento das plantas e de S. frugiperda, os danos causados pelos insetos, o nível populacional de espécies de pragas e a qualidade das sementes colhidas nos diferentes tratamentos com Si e FMA. Analisando os dados de resistência constitutiva, os genótipos BRS MG Madrepérola (antixenose e antibiose), BRS Sublime (antixenose) e IAC 1850 (antibiose) foram resistentes. Os seguintes genótipos apresentaram resistência induzida: BRS Sublime (antixenose), IAC 1850 (antixenose), Pérola (antixenose e antibiose), IAC Sintonia (Nova seleção) (antixenose e antibiose), BRS FC 402 (antixenose e antibiose) e ANFC 9 (antibiose). Os testes em casa de vegetação e campo demonstraram que a inoculação e colonização de FMAs nas raízes e a aplicação de Si no solo individualmente ou em conjunto (FMA+Si) influenciaram positivamente em alguns parâmetros o desenvolvimento, resistência e tolerância das plantas de milho e soja. Os resultados deste trabalho são importantes para buscar alternativas sustentáveis no cultivo dessas importantes culturas, como a seleção de novas fontes de resistência do feijão e demonstração que a aplicação de Si e FMA no solo pode ser benéfico para as culturas do milho e da soja.
The control of Crysodeixis includens in the bean crop and Spodoptera frugiperda in the soybean and corn crops has been carried out mainly through the application of chemical insecticides and/or the use of transgenic plants that express the insecticidal proteins of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt). However, these control methods can impose strong selection pressure on caterpillar populations, favoring the evolution of resistance. Therefore, the use of insect-pest resistant genotypes and the application of Silicon (Si) and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) to induce resistance and/or improve plant development are promising alternatives to be used in the integrated management of these insects-Prague. Resistant plants have complex biochemical and morphological defense mechanisms against pests. The Si absorbed by the plants is deposited in the leaf tissue, forming a mechanical barrier that makes it difficult for the herbivorous insect to feed. AMFs form associations with the roots and help plants absorb nutrients and water. The objectives of this work were to evaluate the expression of possible sources of constitutive and induced resistance of twelve commercial bean genotypes to C. includens. In addition, to evaluate the effects of Si and AMF application on the development and tolerance of soybean and corn to S. frugiperda in a greenhouse and soybean to different pests in the field. Attractiveness, food preference, nutritional indices and antibiosis assays were carried out to select bean genotypes with sources of resistance to C. includens. Furthermore, the development of plants and S. frugiperda, the damage caused by insects, the population level of pest species and the quality of the seeds collected in the different treatments with Si and AMF were evaluated. Analyzing the constitutive resistance data, the genotypes BRS MG Madrepérola (antixenosis and antibiosis), BRS Sublime (antixenosis) and IAC 1850 (antibiosis) were resistant. The following genotypes showed induced resistance: BRS Sublime (antixenosis), IAC 1850 (antixenosis), Pérola (antixenosis and antibiosis), IAC Sintonia (Nova seleção) (antixenosis and antibiosis), BRS FC 402 (antixenosis and antibiosis) and ANFC 9 (antibiosis). The tests in greenhouse and field showed that the inoculation and colonization of AMFs in the roots and the application of Si in the soil individually or together (AMF+Si) positively influenced the development, resistance and tolerance of maize and soybeans plants in some parameters. The results of this work are important to seek sustainable alternatives in the cultivation of these important crops, such as the selection of new sources of bean resistance and demonstration that the application of Si and FMA in the soil can be beneficial for corn and soybean crops.
The control of Crysodeixis includens in the bean crop and Spodoptera frugiperda in the soybean and corn crops has been carried out mainly through the application of chemical insecticides and/or the use of transgenic plants that express the insecticidal proteins of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt). However, these control methods can impose strong selection pressure on caterpillar populations, favoring the evolution of resistance. Therefore, the use of insect-pest resistant genotypes and the application of Silicon (Si) and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) to induce resistance and/or improve plant development are promising alternatives to be used in the integrated management of these insects-Prague. Resistant plants have complex biochemical and morphological defense mechanisms against pests. The Si absorbed by the plants is deposited in the leaf tissue, forming a mechanical barrier that makes it difficult for the herbivorous insect to feed. AMFs form associations with the roots and help plants absorb nutrients and water. The objectives of this work were to evaluate the expression of possible sources of constitutive and induced resistance of twelve commercial bean genotypes to C. includens. In addition, to evaluate the effects of Si and AMF application on the development and tolerance of soybean and corn to S. frugiperda in a greenhouse and soybean to different pests in the field. Attractiveness, food preference, nutritional indices and antibiosis assays were carried out to select bean genotypes with sources of resistance to C. includens. Furthermore, the development of plants and S. frugiperda, the damage caused by insects, the population level of pest species and the quality of the seeds collected in the different treatments with Si and AMF were evaluated. Analyzing the constitutive resistance data, the genotypes BRS MG Madrepérola (antixenosis and antibiosis), BRS Sublime (antixenosis) and IAC 1850 (antibiosis) were resistant. The following genotypes showed induced resistance: BRS Sublime (antixenosis), IAC 1850 (antixenosis), Pérola (antixenosis and antibiosis), IAC Sintonia (Nova seleção) (antixenosis and antibiosis), BRS FC 402 (antixenosis and antibiosis) and ANFC 9 (antibiosis). The tests in greenhouse and field showed that the inoculation and colonization of AMFs in the roots and the application of Si in the soil individually or together (AMF+Si) positively influenced the development, resistance and tolerance of maize and soybeans plants in some parameters. The results of this work are important to seek sustainable alternatives in the cultivation of these important crops, such as the selection of new sources of bean resistance and demonstration that the application of Si and FMA in the soil can be beneficial for corn and soybean crops.
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Palavras-chave
Glycine max, Phaseolus vulgaris, The soybean looper, Zea mays rugosa, Feijão, Lagartas