Gestão e gerenciamento dos resíduos sólidos urbanos no Brasil: um estudo a partir de experiências do Distrito Federal e dos municípios do Consórcio Intermunicipal do Pontal do Paranapanema
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Data
2021-04-30
Autores
Fuzzi, Fernanda Regina
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
Nas últimas décadas, a temática dos resíduos sólidos começou a ser incorporada aos estudos da Ciência Geográfica, haja vista que abordam temas que fazem parte das relações entre Sociedade e Natureza. Neste debate são incluídas questões de ordem política, econômica e socioambiental, dentre elas: o consumo, o descarte, a desigualdade social e de gênero e as políticas públicas. Com o crescimento da população mundial e o processo de industrialização, ocorreu um aumento considerável na quantidade de resíduos sólidos gerados, fatores estes que, aliados aos processos de urbanização e a um planejamento urbano, muitas vezes realizado de modo inadequado, somam-se para existência de desafios para se encontrar soluções para a gestão e o gerenciamento dos Resíduos Sólidos Urbanos (RSU). Isso se dá principalmente em países em desenvolvimento, como é o caso do Brasil, onde, no ano de 2010, foi sancionada a Lei Federal nº 12.305, que instituiu a Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos (PNRS), a primeira legislação em nível nacional exclusiva para essa temática, que estabeleceu metas e diretrizes que objetivam construir um cenário favorável a questão da gestão e do gerenciamento dos resíduos sólidos. Todavia, a presente tese parte da hipótese de que os principais desafios presentes na gestão e no gerenciamento dos RSU, para o alcance das metas e diretrizes propostas pela PNRS, reside na questão da destinação final ambientalmente adequada dos resíduos sólidos e na disposição final ambientalmente adequada dos rejeitos, por parte dos municípios e do Distrito Federal. Considerando características geográficas do país - a exemplo da extensão territorial, da diversidade cultural e do desenvolvimento socioeconômico desigual -, também se adotou como pressupostos que tanto os Empreendimentos Econômicos Solidários de catadores de materiais recicláveis quanto os consórcios intermunicipais para construção de aterros sanitários são instrumentos que podem contribuir para a materialização das metas de destinação e disposição ambientalmente adequada. Com vistas a corroborar essas questões, este trabalho adotou como áreas de estudos o Distrito Federal (DF) e os municípios que formam o Consórcio Intermunicipal do Pontal do Paranapanema (CIPP) - Pirapozinho, Narandiba e Sandovalina - nas quais foram realizadas uma análise da forma como se dá a gestão e o gerenciamentos dos RSU, com ênfase nos Resíduos Domiciliares. O objetivo geral foi verificar quais são as principais ações, dificuldades e desafios presentes na realização desta gestão e gerenciamento, de acordo com as principais legislações vigentes, bem como, quais as contribuições que as cooperativas e associações de catadores de materiais recicláveis e o consórcio proporcionam com vistas a melhorias na eficiência destes processos. Para isso a pesquisa se pautou em revisão bibliográfica, consultas em banco de dados oficiais; análise documental; elaboração de produtos cartográficos; aplicação de questionários; realização de entrevistas; trabalhos de campo e as visitas técnicas. Por fim, a os caminhos percorridos para a elaboração deste trabalho possibilitou que se caminhasse para conclusões como: constatou-se que os principais desafios na gestão e no gerenciamento dos RSU estão relacionados à destinação e a disposição final ambientalmente adequada. Em relação a destinação, os empreendimentos de catadores figuraram-se como importantes mecanismos para isto, porém, faz se necessário melhorias, tanto no âmbito dos quantitativos de materiais recicláveis que chegam até eles, quanto em mudanças estruturais necessárias para obtenção: da infraestrutura operacional requerida para triagem e tratamento das diversas tipologias destes materiais e do mercado consumidor para absorvê-las. A compostagem consiste em uma prática ainda incipiente no país, e nas áreas de estudos, somente no DF foi identificado práticas desta natureza. Quanto à disposição verificou-se que o encerramento de lixões e aterros controlados fez parte das realidades estudadas, mas a presença deles ainda se fazem significativas no panorama nacional, e que os consórcios podem contribuir para a construção de aterros sanitários. A pesquisa também apontou que, apesar das evidentes diferenças populacionais entre as áreas estudadas - a existência de pontos em que, em escalas diferentes, os problemas e as possíveis soluções se convergiram. E que sobremaneira, ainda se fazem necessárias mudanças de ordem estrutural e de paradigmas para a obtenção de melhoria nos índices de destinação ambientalmente adequada dos resíduos, e para que a disposição final ambientalmente adequada seja apenas de rejeitos. De modo, a contribuírem para uma melhor e mais eficiente gestão e gerenciamento dos RSU no Brasil.
In the last decades, the theme of solid waste began to be incorporated into the studies of Geographic Science, considering that they address themes that are part of the relationship between Society and Nature. This debate includes political, economic and socio-environmental issues, among them: consumption, disposal, social and gender inequality and public policies. With the growth of the world population and the industrialization process, there was a considerable increase in the amount of solid waste generated, factors that, together with urbanization processes and urban planning, often carried out inappropriately, add up to existence challenges to find solutions for the management of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW). This is especially true in developing countries, such as Brazil, where, in 2010, Federal Law nº. 12.305 was enacted, which instituted the National Policy on Solid Waste (“PNRS”), the first legislation at the exclusive national level for this theme, which established goals and guidelines that aim to build a favorable scenario for the issue of solid waste management. However, this thesis starts from the hypothesis that the main challenges present in the management of MSW, in order to achieve the goals and guidelines proposed by the “PNRS”, lies in the issue of the environmentally appropriate final destination of solid waste and in the environmentally appropriate final disposal of tailings by the municipalities and the Distrito Federal. Considering the geographic characteristics of the country - such as territorial extension, cultural diversity and unequal socioeconomic development -, it was also adopted as assumptions that both the Solidary Economic Enterprises of collectors of recyclable materials and the inter-municipal consortia for the construction of landfills are instruments that they can contribute to the materialization of the targets of destination and final disposal environmentally appropriate. In order to corroborate these issues, this study adopted as study areas the Distrito Federal (DF) and the municipalities that form the “Consórcio Intermunicipal do Pontal do Paranapanema” (“CIPP”) - Pirapozinho, Narandiba and Sandovalina - in which an analysis of the form was carried out how MSW management is managed, with an emphasis on Home Waste. The general objective was to verify what are the main actions, difficulties and challenges present in carrying out this management, according to the main legislation in force, as well, what contributions the cooperatives and associations of collectors of recyclable materials and the consortium provide with a view to improving the efficiency of these processes. For this, the research was based on bibliographic review, consultations in official databases; document analysis; elaboration of cartographic products; application of questionnaires; conducting interviews; field work and technical visits. Finally, the paths taken for the elaboration of this work made it possible to move towards conclusions such as: it was found that the main challenges in the management of MSW are related to the destination and the environmentally appropriate final disposal. Regarding the destination, the waste pickers' projects were important mechanisms for this, however, improvements are necessary, both in terms of the quantity of recyclable materials that reach them, as well as changes in the structures necessary to obtain: the required operational infrastructure for sorting and treating the different types of these materials and the consumer market to absorb them. Composting is still an incipient practice in the country, and in the study areas, only in DF has practices of this nature been identified. As for the disposal, it was found that the closure of dumps and controlled landfills was part of the studied realities, but their presence is still significant in the national panorama, and that consortia can contribute to the construction of landfills. The research also pointed out that, despite the evident population differences between the areas studied - the existence of points at which, at different scales, the problems and possible solutions converged. And that, above all, changes of structural order and paradigms are still necessary to obtain improvement in the rates of environmentally adequate disposal of waste, and so that the final environmentally adequate disposal is only of waste. In order to contribute to a better and more efficient management of MSW in Brazil.
In the last decades, the theme of solid waste began to be incorporated into the studies of Geographic Science, considering that they address themes that are part of the relationship between Society and Nature. This debate includes political, economic and socio-environmental issues, among them: consumption, disposal, social and gender inequality and public policies. With the growth of the world population and the industrialization process, there was a considerable increase in the amount of solid waste generated, factors that, together with urbanization processes and urban planning, often carried out inappropriately, add up to existence challenges to find solutions for the management of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW). This is especially true in developing countries, such as Brazil, where, in 2010, Federal Law nº. 12.305 was enacted, which instituted the National Policy on Solid Waste (“PNRS”), the first legislation at the exclusive national level for this theme, which established goals and guidelines that aim to build a favorable scenario for the issue of solid waste management. However, this thesis starts from the hypothesis that the main challenges present in the management of MSW, in order to achieve the goals and guidelines proposed by the “PNRS”, lies in the issue of the environmentally appropriate final destination of solid waste and in the environmentally appropriate final disposal of tailings by the municipalities and the Distrito Federal. Considering the geographic characteristics of the country - such as territorial extension, cultural diversity and unequal socioeconomic development -, it was also adopted as assumptions that both the Solidary Economic Enterprises of collectors of recyclable materials and the inter-municipal consortia for the construction of landfills are instruments that they can contribute to the materialization of the targets of destination and final disposal environmentally appropriate. In order to corroborate these issues, this study adopted as study areas the Distrito Federal (DF) and the municipalities that form the “Consórcio Intermunicipal do Pontal do Paranapanema” (“CIPP”) - Pirapozinho, Narandiba and Sandovalina - in which an analysis of the form was carried out how MSW management is managed, with an emphasis on Home Waste. The general objective was to verify what are the main actions, difficulties and challenges present in carrying out this management, according to the main legislation in force, as well, what contributions the cooperatives and associations of collectors of recyclable materials and the consortium provide with a view to improving the efficiency of these processes. For this, the research was based on bibliographic review, consultations in official databases; document analysis; elaboration of cartographic products; application of questionnaires; conducting interviews; field work and technical visits. Finally, the paths taken for the elaboration of this work made it possible to move towards conclusions such as: it was found that the main challenges in the management of MSW are related to the destination and the environmentally appropriate final disposal. Regarding the destination, the waste pickers' projects were important mechanisms for this, however, improvements are necessary, both in terms of the quantity of recyclable materials that reach them, as well as changes in the structures necessary to obtain: the required operational infrastructure for sorting and treating the different types of these materials and the consumer market to absorb them. Composting is still an incipient practice in the country, and in the study areas, only in DF has practices of this nature been identified. As for the disposal, it was found that the closure of dumps and controlled landfills was part of the studied realities, but their presence is still significant in the national panorama, and that consortia can contribute to the construction of landfills. The research also pointed out that, despite the evident population differences between the areas studied - the existence of points at which, at different scales, the problems and possible solutions converged. And that, above all, changes of structural order and paradigms are still necessary to obtain improvement in the rates of environmentally adequate disposal of waste, and so that the final environmentally adequate disposal is only of waste. In order to contribute to a better and more efficient management of MSW in Brazil.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Resíduos sólidos urbanos, Gestão e gerenciamento de resíduos sólidos urbanos, Consórcios intermunicipais, Cooperativas e associações de catadores de materiais recicláveis, Distrito Federal, Consórcio intermunicipal do Pontal do Paranapanema, Municipal solid waste, Solid waste management, Intermunicipal consortium, Associations and cooperatives of collectors of recyclable materials