Substrato exaurido de cogumelos para produção de mudas florestais
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Data
2022-12-01
Autores
Martins, Olívia Gomes [UNESP]
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Editor
Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
No cultivo de cogumelos comestíveis, como o Lentinula edodes (shiitake), diversos resíduos agroindustriais são convertidos em um produto de alto valor agregado, com características nutricionais e medicinais desejáveis. Este cultivo gera um subproduto – o substrato exaurido de cogumelos, ou SMS (Spent Mushroom Substrate). Este substrato, rico em nutrientes, possui diversas aplicações, todavia a literatura carece de estudos acerca da utilização deste substrato para o cultivo de mudas florestais, sobretudo de eucalipto. Portanto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do SMS de L. edodes nas características físicas e químicas do substrato para a produção de mudas seminais de Eucalyptus grandis, bem como seu impacto nas características morfológicas das plantas. Foi utilizado delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado com 4 tratamentos, sendo 4 substratos: T1 (testemunha, 100% Carolina Soil II), T2 (25% SMS + 75% CAC (Casca de arroz carbonizada)), T3 (50% SMS + 50% CAC) e T4 (75% SMS + 25% CAC), e uma espécie florestal (E. grandis). Cada tratamento teve 4 parcelas com 12 mudas úteis por parcela, totalizando 48 repetições (unidades experimentais) por tratamento. Foram coletados extratos dos tratamentos (substratos) para caracterização física e química. No início do plantio, foi avaliado o percentual de emergência de plântulas dos tratamentos. Ao final do ciclo de cultivo, foram avaliadas as seguintes variáveis: altura da parte aérea, diâmetro do colo, número de folhas, massa seca da parte aérea, radicular e total, índice de qualidade de Dickson, conformação do sistema radicular, análise do lixiviado e acúmulo nutricional. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e as médias dos tratamentos comparadas pelo teste de Tukey a um nível de 5% de significância. Na caracterização física do substrato, o tratamento T4 foi o que mais se aproximou das características do tratamento testemunha, sendo que os demais apresentaram baixa quantidade de microporos. Na caracterização química, observou-se maiores teores de nutrientes nos tratamentos contendo SMS. O SMS afetou negativamente o percentual de emergência de plântulas, sendo que o T1 obteve 96,59%, o T2 60,22%, o T3 36,07% e o T4 65,90%. O SMS não afetou o número de folhas das mudas. Quanto à altura, diâmetro do colo e índice de qualidade de Dickson, o T1 obteve valores estatisticamente superiores aos demais tratamento, porém todos os tratamentos alcançaram parâmetros considerados aptos para o plantio. O acúmulo de nutrientes apresentou comportamentos distintos na parte aérea e no sistema radicular, sendo que alguns nutrientes se correlacionaram positiva ou negativamente com as características físicas dos substratos. A análise do lixiviado evidenciou menor perda de água e nutrientes no tratamento testemunha, que possuía maior capacidade de retenção. Conclui-se que os substratos contendo SMS produziram mudas viáveis, porém novos estudos são necessários utilizando diferentes manejos hídricos e adubações para otimização da utilização deste material.
In the cultivation of edible mushrooms, such as Lentinula edodes (shiitake), various agro-industrial residues are converted into a product with high added value, with desirable nutritional and medicinal characteristics. This cultivation generates a by-product – the Spent Mushroom Substrate (SMS). This substrate, rich in nutrients, has several applications, however the literature lacks studies on the use of this substrate for the cultivation of forest seedlings, especially eucalyptus. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of L. edodes SMS on the physical and chemical characteristics of the substrate for the production of seminal Eucalyptus grandis seedlings, as well as its impact on the morphological characteristics of the plants. A completely randomized experimental design was used with 4 treatments, being 4 substrates: T1 (control, 100% Carolina Soil II), T2 (25% SMS + 75% CRH (charred rice husk)), T3 (50% SMS + 50% CRH) and T4 (75% SMS + 25% CRH), and one forest species (E. grandis). Each treatment had 4 plots with 12 seedlings per plot, totaling 48 repetitions (experimental units) per treatment. Extracts from treatments were collected for physical and chemical characterization. At the beginning of planting, the percentage of seedling emergence of the treatments was evaluated. At the end of the cultivation cycle, the following variables were evaluated: plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves, aerial, root and total dry mass, Dickson quality index, root system conformation, leachate analysis and nutritional accumulation. Data were submitted to analysis of variance and the means of the treatments were compared by Tukey's test at a 5% significance level. In the physical characterization of the substrate, the treatment T4 was the closest to the characteristics of the control treatment, and the others showed a low amount of micropores. In the chemical characterization, higher nutrient contents were observed on the treatments containing SMS. SMS negatively affected the seedling emergency percentage, with T1 achieving 96.59%, T2 60.22%, T3 36.07% and T4 65.90%. SMS did not affect the number of leaves on the seedlings. As for height, stem diameter and Dickson quality index, T1 obtained statistically higher values than the other treatments, but all treatments reached parameters considered suitable for planting. The accumulation of nutrients showed different behaviors in the aerial part and in the root system, and some nutrients were positively or negatively correlated with the physical characteristics of the substrates. The leachate analysis showed less loss of water and nutrients in the control treatment, which had a greater retention capacity. It is concluded that the substrates containing SMS produced viable seedlings, but further studies are needed using different water management and fertilization to optimize the use of this material.
In the cultivation of edible mushrooms, such as Lentinula edodes (shiitake), various agro-industrial residues are converted into a product with high added value, with desirable nutritional and medicinal characteristics. This cultivation generates a by-product – the Spent Mushroom Substrate (SMS). This substrate, rich in nutrients, has several applications, however the literature lacks studies on the use of this substrate for the cultivation of forest seedlings, especially eucalyptus. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of L. edodes SMS on the physical and chemical characteristics of the substrate for the production of seminal Eucalyptus grandis seedlings, as well as its impact on the morphological characteristics of the plants. A completely randomized experimental design was used with 4 treatments, being 4 substrates: T1 (control, 100% Carolina Soil II), T2 (25% SMS + 75% CRH (charred rice husk)), T3 (50% SMS + 50% CRH) and T4 (75% SMS + 25% CRH), and one forest species (E. grandis). Each treatment had 4 plots with 12 seedlings per plot, totaling 48 repetitions (experimental units) per treatment. Extracts from treatments were collected for physical and chemical characterization. At the beginning of planting, the percentage of seedling emergence of the treatments was evaluated. At the end of the cultivation cycle, the following variables were evaluated: plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves, aerial, root and total dry mass, Dickson quality index, root system conformation, leachate analysis and nutritional accumulation. Data were submitted to analysis of variance and the means of the treatments were compared by Tukey's test at a 5% significance level. In the physical characterization of the substrate, the treatment T4 was the closest to the characteristics of the control treatment, and the others showed a low amount of micropores. In the chemical characterization, higher nutrient contents were observed on the treatments containing SMS. SMS negatively affected the seedling emergency percentage, with T1 achieving 96.59%, T2 60.22%, T3 36.07% and T4 65.90%. SMS did not affect the number of leaves on the seedlings. As for height, stem diameter and Dickson quality index, T1 obtained statistically higher values than the other treatments, but all treatments reached parameters considered suitable for planting. The accumulation of nutrients showed different behaviors in the aerial part and in the root system, and some nutrients were positively or negatively correlated with the physical characteristics of the substrates. The leachate analysis showed less loss of water and nutrients in the control treatment, which had a greater retention capacity. It is concluded that the substrates containing SMS produced viable seedlings, but further studies are needed using different water management and fertilization to optimize the use of this material.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Eucalipto, Lentinula edodes, Viveiro, Eucalyptus, Nursery