Novo vírus e velhos conflitos: a retração das operações de paz da ONU, a postura dos grupos armados e ameaça de contágio violento na África durante a pandemia da COVID-19
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Data
2023-01-31
Autores
Aparecido, Julia Mori
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Editor
Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
A pandemia da COVID-19 colocou desafios sem precedentes em todo o mundo e abalou a serenidade aparente do sistema internacional. Devido à iminência dessa nova ameaça, as operações de paz multidimensionais da Organização das Nações Unidas (ONU), que muitas vezes são tarefas difíceis e navegam em contextos incertos e complexos, foram adaptadas. O Secretário-Geral da ONU e o Conselho de Segurança apelaram por um cessar-fogo global a partir dos quais se esperava uma reconfiguração dos níveis de violência. Nesse contexto, através de uma abordagem empírica e documental, esta análise qualitativa discutiu o impacto da pandemia de COVID-19 nas quatro maiores operações de paz na África e a postura dos grupos armados nos respectivos territórios: República Centro-Africana, República Democrática do Congo, Mali e Sudão do Sul. Apesar das várias advertências sobre a possibilidade de aumento das atividades armadas por parte dos grupos, poucas evidências sustentaram satisfatoriamente essa hipótese. Mudanças não lineares foram encontradas, visto que enquanto alguns grupos armados cessaram suas atividades momentaneamente, outros continuaram seus ataques. Essas diferentes variações indicaram que a avaliação das particularidades e das diversas condicionantes que cercam às dinâmicas são ainda mais determinantes à análise que o esperado. Portanto, constatações preliminares verificaram que as alterações identificadas nos níveis de violência não podem ser estritamente relacionadas à COVID-19 e às consequentes reduções das atividades operacionais das missões de paz no terreno. Assim, frente à avaliação dos efeitos de uma crise transitória, as raízes dos conflitos nos casos estudados se mostraram ainda mais profundas e inteligíveis.
The COVID-19 pandemic posed unprecedented challenges around the world and undermined the apparent serenity of the international system. Due to the imminence of this new threat, the United Nations (UN) multidimensional peace operations, which are often difficult tasks and navigate uncertain and complex contexts, were adapted. The UN Secretary-General and the Security Council called for a global ceasefire from which a reconfiguration of the levels of violence was expected. In this context, through an empirical and documentary approach, this qualitative analysis discussed the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the four biggest peace operations in Africa and the posture of armed groups in their respective territories: Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo, Mali and South Sudan. Despite several warnings about the possibility of an increase in armed activities by the groups, there was little evidence to satisfactorily support this hypothesis. Non-linear changes were found, as while some armed groups ceased their activities momentarily, others continued their attacks. These different variations indicated that the assessment of the particularities and diverse conditions surrounding the dynamics are even more determinant to the analysis than expected. Therefore, preliminary findings verified that the identified changes in the levels of violence cannot be strictly related to COVID-19 and the consequent reductions in the operational activities of the UN peacekeeping missions on the ground. Thus, when faced with the assessment of the effects of a transitory crisis, the roots of the conflicts in the cases studied proved to be even more profound and intelligible.
The COVID-19 pandemic posed unprecedented challenges around the world and undermined the apparent serenity of the international system. Due to the imminence of this new threat, the United Nations (UN) multidimensional peace operations, which are often difficult tasks and navigate uncertain and complex contexts, were adapted. The UN Secretary-General and the Security Council called for a global ceasefire from which a reconfiguration of the levels of violence was expected. In this context, through an empirical and documentary approach, this qualitative analysis discussed the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the four biggest peace operations in Africa and the posture of armed groups in their respective territories: Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo, Mali and South Sudan. Despite several warnings about the possibility of an increase in armed activities by the groups, there was little evidence to satisfactorily support this hypothesis. Non-linear changes were found, as while some armed groups ceased their activities momentarily, others continued their attacks. These different variations indicated that the assessment of the particularities and diverse conditions surrounding the dynamics are even more determinant to the analysis than expected. Therefore, preliminary findings verified that the identified changes in the levels of violence cannot be strictly related to COVID-19 and the consequent reductions in the operational activities of the UN peacekeeping missions on the ground. Thus, when faced with the assessment of the effects of a transitory crisis, the roots of the conflicts in the cases studied proved to be even more profound and intelligible.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
COVID-19, Grupos armados, Operações de paz multidimensionais, Process tracing, Armed groups, Multidimensional peace operations
Como citar
APARECIDO, Julia Mori. Novo vírus e velhos conflitos: a retração das operações de paz da ONU, a postura dos grupos armados e ameaça de contágio violento na África durante a pandemia da COVID-19. 2023. Trabalho de Conclusão de Curso (Bacharelado em Relações Internacionais) - Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Marília, 2023.