Treinamento resistido e pré-condicionamento isquêmico (IPC): perfil das respostas fisiológicas e modelagem da demanda energética
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Data
2022-12-20
Autores
Oliveira, Thiago Pires de [UNESP]
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
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INTRODUÇÃO: O pré condicionamento isquêmico (IPC) é um método não invasivo, seguro e de fácil aplicação capaz de promover um efeito ergogênico em diferentes esportes (natação, ciclismo e corrida) além de produzir melhora da função neuromuscular em grupamentos musculares isolados. OBJETIVOS: A proposta deste estudo foi conduzir 2 estudos onde: O primeiro estudo (estudo 1) tem como objetivo uma meta-análise sobre o efeito da manobra IPC perante o número de repetições em exercícios resistidos. O segundo (estudo 2) foi comparar o gasto energético (GE) mediante a três modelos de quantificação energética distintos, sobre três formas de treinamento resistido (TR) realizados até a falha muscular: 70% de 1RM (TR70%) vs 70% de 1RM precedido por IPC (TRIPC) vs 35% de 1RM (TR35%), além de analisar como o protocolo de TRIPC se compara frente as outras duas formas de treinamento (TR70%; TR35%) em relação a demanda energética. METODOLOGIA: Estudo 1: nossa pergunta PICO: P = Healthy Volunteer/Healthy Participants 18-45 years, I = Remote schemic Pre-Conditioning/Limb ischemic conditioning. C = Control/Sham vs Ischemic Pre-Conditioning, O = Muscle Strength/Dynamometer, Muscle Strength. Nossa busca foi realizada em três bases de dados (PUBMED, VHL, SciELO). Para o estudo 2: foram analisados quatro homens (23,0 ±1,4 anos), 1,80 ±0,15 m, peso 94,2 ±19,8 kg, 6,4 ±1,1 anos de treino, 23,8 ±5,9% de gordura corporal). Cada um dos três modelos de quantificação do gasto energético (indireto), foi quantificado pela reposta do oxigênio (O2) durante as series e intervalo entre series e aparelhos e pela variação da concentração de lactato sanguíneo, onde o modelo 1 é a soma da demanda energética por meio do O2 da atividade e do intervalo entre series e aparelhos, o modelo 2 é O2 das séries e intervalos entre aparelho além da variação do delta de lactato (Δ [La-] (mmolxL-1)), e o modelo 3 é O2 apenas das séries, o Δ [La-] (mmolxL-1), além de um ajuste monoexponencial da curva de recuperação do O2 (EqO2fast). RESULTADOS: Estudo 1: foram encontrados 372 estudos no qual 7 estudos envolvendo 127 participantes foram inclusos nesta meta-analise pois atenderam os critérios de inclusão pré estabelecidos. Em uma comparação mais ampla (IPC vs. Placebo; Controle; Aquecimento leve; Alongamento e Aeróbio leve) o IPC foi superior (p<0,05) frente as todas as condições (SMD: 3,02; (IC 95%: 2,23; 3,81) com uma heterogeneidade de I2= 93%; p <0,01. Em uma primeira análise de subgrupo entre IPC vs. placebo/sham (~20 mmHg) o PCI foi superior (SMD: 0,82, (IC: 95%: 0,48; 1,15) apresentando uma heterogeneidade de I2= 62%; p < 0,01, e na segunda analise IPC vs. controle (SMD: 3,50, (IC: 95%: 1,87; 5,13) com I2= 92%; p<0,01. Estudo 2: Para as variáveis de desempenho VO2pico (mlxmin-1) e Δ [La-] (mmolxL-1) não apresentaram diferença entre os TRs (p>0,05), as variáveis tempo de execução da série em segundos (TON) (326,7±96,2s), e tempo total (TON + intervalo entre as 3 series) (596±115,07s) foi superior para o exercício 2 do TR35% em comparação a seus respectivos exercícios e TR70% e TRIPC (p<0,05). Os equivalentes metabólicos lático (EqLAC) e fosfagênio pelo ajuste rápido de recuperação do O2 (EqFAST) não apresentaram diferença (p>0,05), enquanto os equivalentes de O2 para a série (EQO2ON) foi superior aos exercícios 1 (38,7±4,9) e 2 (78,5±15,4) do TR35% em comparação TR70% e TRIPC (p<0,05). Quando os dados são expressos em valores absolutos (kJ) para perante os exercícios o TR35% apresenta-se com superior (p<0,05) em comparação aos TR70% e TRIPC, contudo quando os mesmos dados são relativizados pelo tempo de execução da série (kJ/Kg/TON) e o tempo total dos aparelhos (kJ/Kg/Ttotal) o TR70% e TRIPC são semelhantes (p>0,05) porem superiores ao TR35% (p<0,05). CONCLUSÃO: Baseado nestes achados o IPC se revela como uma estratégia de fácil aplicação e muito efetiva para aumentar o endurance muscular mediante ao número de repetições em exercícios resistidos. No entanto o IPC parece não ser superior frente a demanda energética e metabólica. Com relação aos modelos (1, 2 e 3), a diferença da contribuição energética existentes entre os valores calóricos é diretamente influenciada pelo tipo de modelo utilizado para o cálculo do gasto energético.
INTRODUCTION: Ischemic preconditioning (IPC) is a non-invasive, safe and easy-to-apply method capable of promoting an ergogenic effect in different sports (swimming, cycling and running) in addition to improving neuromuscular function in isolated muscle groups. OBJECTIVES: The proposal is to conduct 2 studies where: The first study (study 1) aims at a meta-analysis on the effect of the IPC maneuver on the number of repetitions in resistance exercises. The second (study 2) is to compare energy expenditure (EE) using three different models of energy quantification, on three forms of resistance training (RT) performed until muscle failure: 70% of 1RM (RT70%) vs 70% of 1RM preceded by IPC (TR PC) vs 35% of 1RM (TR35%), in addition to analyzing how the TRIPC protocol compares to the other two forms of training (TR70%; TR35%) in relation to energy demand. METHODOLOGY: Study 1: our PICO question: P = Healthy Volunteer/Healthy Participants 18-45 years, I = Remote schematic Pre-Conditioning/Limb ischemic conditioning. C= Control/Sham vs Ischemic Pre-Conditioning, O = Muscle Strength/Dynamometer, Muscle Strength. Our search was carried out in three databases (PUBMED, VHL, SciELO). For study 2: four men (23.0 ±1.4 years of training, 1.80 ±0.15 m, weight 94.2 ±19.8 kg, 6.4 ±1.1 years of training, 23.8 ±5.9% body fat). Each of the three energy expenditure (indirect) quantification models was quantified by the oxygen (O2) response during the series and interval between series and devices and by the variation in the blood lactate concentration, where model 1 is the sum of the demand energy through the O2 of the activity and the interval between sets and devices, model 2 is O2 of the sets and intervals between devices plus the lactate variation (EqLAC), and model 3 is O2 only of the sets, the EqLAC, in addition to a monoexponential fit of the O2 recovery curve (EqO2fast). RESULTS: Study 1: 372 studies were found in which 7 studies involving 127 participants were included in this meta-analysis because they met the pre-established inclusion criteria. In a broader comparison (PCI vs. Placebo; Control; Light warm-up; Stretching and Light aerobic) the IPC was superior (p<0.05) against all conditions (SMD: 3.02; (95% CI: 2 .23; 3.81) with a heterogeneity of I2 = 93%; p < 0.01. In a first subgroup analysis between IPC vs. placebo/sham (~20 mmHg) IPC was superior (SMD: 0.82 (CI: 95%: 0.48; 1.15) showing a heterogeneity of I2= 62%; p < 0.01, and in the second analysis IPC vs. control (SMD: 3.50, (CI: 95%: 1.87; 5.13) with I2= 92%; p<0.01. Study 2: For the performance variables VO2peak (mlxmin-1) and Δ[La-] (mmolxL-1) showed no difference between the RTs (p>0.05), the variables execution time of the series in seconds (TON) (326.7±96.2s), and total time (TON + interval between the 3 series) (596 ±115.07s) was superior for exercise 2 of TR35% compared to their respective exercises and TR70% and TRIPC (p<0.05). EqFAST) no presented difference (p>0.05), while the O2 equivalents for the series (EqO2ON) was superior to exercises 1 (38.7±4.9) and 2 (78.5±15.4) of TR35 compared to TR70% and TRIPC (p<0.05). When the data are expressed in absolute values (kJ) for the exercises, TR35% is higher (p<0.05) compared to TR70% and TRIPC, however when the same data are relativized by the execution time of the series (kJ/Kg/TON) and the total time of the devices (kJ/Kg/Tall) TR70% and TRIPC are similar (p>0.05) but higher than TR35% (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: Based on these findings, the IPC proves to be an easy-to-apply and very effective strategy to increase muscle endurance through the number of repetitions in resistance exercises. However, the IPC does not seem to be superior to the energy and metabolic demand. With regard to the models (1, 2 and 3), the difference in the existing energy contribution between the caloric values is directly influenced by the type of model used to calculate the energy expenditure.
INTRODUCTION: Ischemic preconditioning (IPC) is a non-invasive, safe and easy-to-apply method capable of promoting an ergogenic effect in different sports (swimming, cycling and running) in addition to improving neuromuscular function in isolated muscle groups. OBJECTIVES: The proposal is to conduct 2 studies where: The first study (study 1) aims at a meta-analysis on the effect of the IPC maneuver on the number of repetitions in resistance exercises. The second (study 2) is to compare energy expenditure (EE) using three different models of energy quantification, on three forms of resistance training (RT) performed until muscle failure: 70% of 1RM (RT70%) vs 70% of 1RM preceded by IPC (TR PC) vs 35% of 1RM (TR35%), in addition to analyzing how the TRIPC protocol compares to the other two forms of training (TR70%; TR35%) in relation to energy demand. METHODOLOGY: Study 1: our PICO question: P = Healthy Volunteer/Healthy Participants 18-45 years, I = Remote schematic Pre-Conditioning/Limb ischemic conditioning. C= Control/Sham vs Ischemic Pre-Conditioning, O = Muscle Strength/Dynamometer, Muscle Strength. Our search was carried out in three databases (PUBMED, VHL, SciELO). For study 2: four men (23.0 ±1.4 years of training, 1.80 ±0.15 m, weight 94.2 ±19.8 kg, 6.4 ±1.1 years of training, 23.8 ±5.9% body fat). Each of the three energy expenditure (indirect) quantification models was quantified by the oxygen (O2) response during the series and interval between series and devices and by the variation in the blood lactate concentration, where model 1 is the sum of the demand energy through the O2 of the activity and the interval between sets and devices, model 2 is O2 of the sets and intervals between devices plus the lactate variation (EqLAC), and model 3 is O2 only of the sets, the EqLAC, in addition to a monoexponential fit of the O2 recovery curve (EqO2fast). RESULTS: Study 1: 372 studies were found in which 7 studies involving 127 participants were included in this meta-analysis because they met the pre-established inclusion criteria. In a broader comparison (PCI vs. Placebo; Control; Light warm-up; Stretching and Light aerobic) the IPC was superior (p<0.05) against all conditions (SMD: 3.02; (95% CI: 2 .23; 3.81) with a heterogeneity of I2 = 93%; p < 0.01. In a first subgroup analysis between IPC vs. placebo/sham (~20 mmHg) IPC was superior (SMD: 0.82 (CI: 95%: 0.48; 1.15) showing a heterogeneity of I2= 62%; p < 0.01, and in the second analysis IPC vs. control (SMD: 3.50, (CI: 95%: 1.87; 5.13) with I2= 92%; p<0.01. Study 2: For the performance variables VO2peak (mlxmin-1) and Δ[La-] (mmolxL-1) showed no difference between the RTs (p>0.05), the variables execution time of the series in seconds (TON) (326.7±96.2s), and total time (TON + interval between the 3 series) (596 ±115.07s) was superior for exercise 2 of TR35% compared to their respective exercises and TR70% and TRIPC (p<0.05). EqFAST) no presented difference (p>0.05), while the O2 equivalents for the series (EqO2ON) was superior to exercises 1 (38.7±4.9) and 2 (78.5±15.4) of TR35 compared to TR70% and TRIPC (p<0.05). When the data are expressed in absolute values (kJ) for the exercises, TR35% is higher (p<0.05) compared to TR70% and TRIPC, however when the same data are relativized by the execution time of the series (kJ/Kg/TON) and the total time of the devices (kJ/Kg/Tall) TR70% and TRIPC are similar (p>0.05) but higher than TR35% (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: Based on these findings, the IPC proves to be an easy-to-apply and very effective strategy to increase muscle endurance through the number of repetitions in resistance exercises. However, the IPC does not seem to be superior to the energy and metabolic demand. With regard to the models (1, 2 and 3), the difference in the existing energy contribution between the caloric values is directly influenced by the type of model used to calculate the energy expenditure.
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Palavras-chave
Pré condicionamento isquêmico, Endurance muscular, Exercício resistido, Número de repetições, Recurso ergogênicos, Ischemic preconditioning, Muscular endurance, Resistance exercise, Number of repetitions, Ergogenic resource