O manejo da agrobiodiversidade por agricultores familiares em Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brasil
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Data
2020
Autores
Silva, Rafaela Santos da
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
Grande parte da diversidade dos cultivos agrícolas, a nível mundial e local, é mantida por agricultoras/es de pequena escala. A manutenção e compartilhamento dos conhecimentos agrícolas associados à essa diversidade tem papel importante na produção e diversificação de alimentos, sendo fundamental para a geração, manejo e manutenção da agrobiodiversidade. No entanto, diversos fatores têm contribuído para a perda da agrobiodiversidade, bem como dos conhecimentos acumulados durante gerações de agricultores/as no campo. Visto as constantes transformações nas áreas rurais brasileiras, compreender o papel de agricultoras/es familiares no manejo e conservação da agrobiodiversidade se faz necessário. O objetivo do presente estudo foi analisar a diversidade agrícola manejada por agricultoras/es familiares da cidade de Rio Claro, SP, e o padrão de distribuição das principais etnoespécies agrícolas cultivadas, a partir de estudos etnobotânicos dirigidos às/aos produtoras/es que comercializam seus produtos na Feira do Produtor Rural. Discute-se também os fatores que contribuem para a manutenção ou perda das etnovariedades de espécies cultivadas. Foram entrevistadas 6 famílias agricultoras, abrangendo perguntas que visavam entender quais as plantas manejadas, consumidas e comercializadas pelas/os agricultoras/es e qual a relação das/os mesmas/os com a terra, com os cultivos, e com a atividade agrícola. Levantamentos foram realizados nos sítios a fim de inventariar as etnovariedades e etnoespécies cultivadas. Os resultados indicam que as/os agricultoras/es familiares que comercializam seus produtos na feira mantém os saberes transmitidos por seus familiares, no entanto, as novas gerações têm diminuído a atividade agrícola em busca de empregos na área urbana, o que pode levar ao envelhecimento da população rural e não reposição da mão-de-obra no campo. Quanto à circulação das etnoespécies e etnovariedades entre agricultoras/es, bem como de propágulos, o estudo indica não ser uma prática realizada com frequência pelas famílias. Foram encontradas 84 etnoespécies e 154 etnovariedades (média por agricultor/a de 33 etnoespécies e 47,8 etnovariedades), sendo em sua maioria identificadas como etnoespécies exóticas. Não foi observada homogeneidade nos agroecossistemas amostrados, visto a alta riqueza de etnoespécies e produções agrícolas diferentes umas das outras. O critério de escolha de plantas a serem manejadas demonstrou ter relação com a demanda do mercado consumidor, sendo algumas poucas plantas manejadas também devido ao valor afetivo que possuem. Todas as etnoespécies e etnovariedades cultivadas nos sítios também são destinadas ao consumo das famílias. Os principais locais citados para escoamento da produção foram: a Feira do Produtor Rural, a Cooperativa e o mercado institucional do PAA, havendo ainda outros locais de comercialização, de forma a complementar a renda familiar.
Much of the diversity of agricultural crops, globally and locally, is maintained by small scale farmers. The maintenance and sharing of agricultural knowledge associated with this diversity plays an important role in the production and diversification of food, being fundamental for the generation, management and maintenance of agrobiodiversity. However, several factors have contributed to the loss of agrobiodiversity, as well as of the knowledge accumulated during generations of farmers in the field. In view of the constant changes in Brazilian rural areas, understanding the role of family farmers in the management and conservation of agrobiodiversity is necessary. The objective of the present study was to analyze the agricultural diversity managed by family farmers in the city of Rio Claro, SP, and the distribution pattern of the main cultivated agricultural ethnospecies, based on ethnobotanical studies aimed at the producers who sell their products at the Rural Producer Fair. It also discusses the factors that contribute to the maintenance or loss of ethnovarieties of cultivated species. Six farming families were interviewed, covering questions that aimed to understand which plants were managed, consumed and traded by the farmers and what their relationship with the land, with the crops, and with the agricultural activity. Surveys were carried out at the sites in order to inventory the cultivated ethnovarieties and ethnospecies. The results indicate that the family farmers who sell their products at the fair keep the knowledge transmitted by their families, however, the new generations have reduced the agricultural activity in search of jobs in the urban area, which can lead to aging rural population and no replacement of labor in the countryside. As for the circulation of ethno-species and ethnovarieties among farmers, as well as propagules, the study indicates that it is not a practice frequently performed by families. 84 ethnospecies and 154 ethnovarieties were found (average per farmer of 33 ethnospecies and 47.8 ethnovarieties), most of which were identified as exotic ethnospecies. No homogeneity was observed in the sampled agroecosystems, given the high richness of ethnospecies and agricultural production different from each other. The criterion for choosing the plants to be managed has shown to be related to the demand of the consumer market, with a few plants being managed also due to their affective value. All ethnospecies and ethnovarieties grown on the sites are also intended for household consumption. The main places cited for the flow of production were: the Rural Producer Fair, the Cooperative and the institutional market of PAA, and there are still other places of sale, in order to complement the family income.
Much of the diversity of agricultural crops, globally and locally, is maintained by small scale farmers. The maintenance and sharing of agricultural knowledge associated with this diversity plays an important role in the production and diversification of food, being fundamental for the generation, management and maintenance of agrobiodiversity. However, several factors have contributed to the loss of agrobiodiversity, as well as of the knowledge accumulated during generations of farmers in the field. In view of the constant changes in Brazilian rural areas, understanding the role of family farmers in the management and conservation of agrobiodiversity is necessary. The objective of the present study was to analyze the agricultural diversity managed by family farmers in the city of Rio Claro, SP, and the distribution pattern of the main cultivated agricultural ethnospecies, based on ethnobotanical studies aimed at the producers who sell their products at the Rural Producer Fair. It also discusses the factors that contribute to the maintenance or loss of ethnovarieties of cultivated species. Six farming families were interviewed, covering questions that aimed to understand which plants were managed, consumed and traded by the farmers and what their relationship with the land, with the crops, and with the agricultural activity. Surveys were carried out at the sites in order to inventory the cultivated ethnovarieties and ethnospecies. The results indicate that the family farmers who sell their products at the fair keep the knowledge transmitted by their families, however, the new generations have reduced the agricultural activity in search of jobs in the urban area, which can lead to aging rural population and no replacement of labor in the countryside. As for the circulation of ethno-species and ethnovarieties among farmers, as well as propagules, the study indicates that it is not a practice frequently performed by families. 84 ethnospecies and 154 ethnovarieties were found (average per farmer of 33 ethnospecies and 47.8 ethnovarieties), most of which were identified as exotic ethnospecies. No homogeneity was observed in the sampled agroecosystems, given the high richness of ethnospecies and agricultural production different from each other. The criterion for choosing the plants to be managed has shown to be related to the demand of the consumer market, with a few plants being managed also due to their affective value. All ethnospecies and ethnovarieties grown on the sites are also intended for household consumption. The main places cited for the flow of production were: the Rural Producer Fair, the Cooperative and the institutional market of PAA, and there are still other places of sale, in order to complement the family income.
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Palavras-chave
Agrobiodiversidade, Agricultura familiar, Etnobotânica, Diversidade agrícola, Agricultural diversity, Family farming, Ethnobotany