Imagens em guerra: a memória visual do martírio na filmografia do Movimento Jihadista Global
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Data
2023-03-27
Autores
Costa, Ana Carolina
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
Esta pesquisa analisa cinco filmes produzidos por grupos e organizações vinculados ao Movimento Jihadista Global (MJG): The Martyrs of Bosnia, Russian Hell, The Destruction of American Destroyer USS Cole, Flames of War I e Flames of War II. Eles foram lançados, originalmente, entre 1997 e 2017. Por serem materiais de propaganda de fôlego, trabalham de modo exemplar a narrativa que o MJG tenta emplacar para justificar suas ações. Dentro dela, a temática do martírio é central, pois endossa a formação de um exército paraestatal de voluntários com a obrigação moral e espiritual de lutar para salvar a comunidade muçulmana (umma), historicamente subjugada e humilhada pelos inimigos do Islã. Embora a pesquisa seja um produto da área da Comunicação, o trabalho apresentado começa com uma incursão por discussões teóricas a respeito do sentido dos termos shahāda e jihād em sua relação com a ideia de tornar-se mártir no campo de batalha. Esse primeiro degrau permite que alcancemos o próximo: compreender como lideranças religiosas e militares do Movimento Jihadista Global se apropriaram de elementos específicos dessa discussão para gestar a cultura do jihadismo. Feita essa contextualização, o trabalho mapeia as características visuais dos cinco filmes da amostra. Defendemos a hipótese de que eles têm traços de duas linguagens audiovisuais principais: os documentários e noticiários televisivos. Esse diálogo vai influenciar a escolha e uso das imagens que compõem os materiais de propaganda. E são essas imagens que observamos com maior retidão para mapear os elementos que compõem a memória visual do martírio na filmografia do Movimento Jihadista Global. Para isso, partimos da concepção de que esses registros são argumentos visuais. Portanto, eles têm algo a dizer. E eles falam sobre duas coisas principais. Em primeiro lugar, porque os mártires precisam agir. Em segundo lugar, como morre e nasce um mártir.
This research analyzes five films produced by groups and organizations linked to the Global Jihadista Movement (GJM): The Martyrs of Bosnia, Russian Hell, The Destruction of American Destroyer USS Cole, Flames of War I and Flames of War II. They were originally released between 1997 and 2017. As propaganda materials, they exemplify the narrative that the GJM tries to promote to justify its actions. Within this narrative, the theme of martyrdom is central, as it endorses the formation of a para-state army of volunteers with the moral and spiritual obligation to fight to save the Muslim community, historically subjugated and humiliated by the enemies of Islam. Although the research is a product of the Communication field, the presented work begins with na incursion into theoretical discussions about the meaning of the terms shahāda and jihād in their relation to the idea of becoming a martyr on the battlefield. This first step allows us to reach the next one: undestanding how religious and military Leaders of the Global Jihadist Movement appropriated specific elements of this discussion to foster the culture of jihadismo. After this contextualization, the research maps the visual characteristics of the five films in the sample. We defend the hypothesis that they have traits of two main audiovisual languages: documentaries and television news. This dialogue will influence the choice and use of images that composse the propaganda materials. And it is these images that we observe more closely to map the elements that composse the visual memory of martyrdom in the filmography of the Global Jihadist Movement. For this, we start from the conception that these records are visual arguments. Therefore, they have something to say. And they speak about two main things. Firstly, why Martyrs need to act. Secondly, how a Martyrs dies and is born.
This research analyzes five films produced by groups and organizations linked to the Global Jihadista Movement (GJM): The Martyrs of Bosnia, Russian Hell, The Destruction of American Destroyer USS Cole, Flames of War I and Flames of War II. They were originally released between 1997 and 2017. As propaganda materials, they exemplify the narrative that the GJM tries to promote to justify its actions. Within this narrative, the theme of martyrdom is central, as it endorses the formation of a para-state army of volunteers with the moral and spiritual obligation to fight to save the Muslim community, historically subjugated and humiliated by the enemies of Islam. Although the research is a product of the Communication field, the presented work begins with na incursion into theoretical discussions about the meaning of the terms shahāda and jihād in their relation to the idea of becoming a martyr on the battlefield. This first step allows us to reach the next one: undestanding how religious and military Leaders of the Global Jihadist Movement appropriated specific elements of this discussion to foster the culture of jihadismo. After this contextualization, the research maps the visual characteristics of the five films in the sample. We defend the hypothesis that they have traits of two main audiovisual languages: documentaries and television news. This dialogue will influence the choice and use of images that composse the propaganda materials. And it is these images that we observe more closely to map the elements that composse the visual memory of martyrdom in the filmography of the Global Jihadist Movement. For this, we start from the conception that these records are visual arguments. Therefore, they have something to say. And they speak about two main things. Firstly, why Martyrs need to act. Secondly, how a Martyrs dies and is born.
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Palavras-chave
Memória Visual, Martírio, Jihadismo, Propaganda de Guerra, Visual Memory, Martyrdom, Jihadism, War Propaganda