Influência do tipo de agente espessante e da suplementação de cálcio e fósforo no efeito desmineralizante de géis clareadores a base de peróxido de hidrogênio
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Data
2023-05-10
Autores
Andrade, Adrielle Caroline Moreira [UNESP]
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
O estudo avaliou o efeito da adição de cálcio (Ca) e fósforo (P), em quantidade correspondente ao ponto de saturação (PS) e ao coeficiente de solubilidade (CS), a géis clareadores contendo diferentes agentes espessantes na desmineralização do esmalte dentário. Foram manipulados géis clareadores contendo peróxido de hidrogênio (PH) a 35% e utilizados os espessantes carbopol 980 (CB); aerosil 200 (SP); poloxamer 407 (PX); goma guar (GG) e hidroxietilcelulose (HEC). Foram realizadas leituras iniciais da microdureza Knoop do esmalte empregando um microdurômetro, da rugosidade superficial em um perfilômetro de contato e da cor utilizando espectrofotômetro colorimétrico de reflectância. Os espécimes foram divididos em 5 grupos experimentais de acordo com o tipo de espessante. Cada grupo foi dividido em três subgrupos (n=20), de acordo com a suplementação mineral (0- nenhuma suplementação; PS – adição de Ca e P de acordo com o PS calculado para aquele espessante; CS – adição da quantidade máxima de Ca e P de acordo com o CS). Além disso, três grupos controles (n=20) foram preparados, sendo eles: CN (controle negativo –água ultrapura); CP (controle positivo – PH a 35% sem a adição de qualquer mineral); CC (controle positivo comercial - gel comercial Whiteness HP). Sobre cada espécime foram aplicados 0,050 g dos respectivos géis clareadores, durante 45 min. Os dados dos grupos experimentais foram analisados estatisticamente com ANOVA a 2 fatores (TIPO DE ESPESSANTE x ADIÇÃO DE SAIS DE CA E P) e teste de Tukey. A comparação com os grupos controle foi realizada com o teste de Dunnett (5%). Para todas as mensurações realizadas, a ANOVA mostrou diferenças significativas para os dois fatores (p<0,05). Para a alteração da microdureza, os resultados do teste de Tukey foram: TIPO DE ESPESSANTE (p=0,0001): HEC – 15,40(6,97)a, GG - 10,31(5,78)b, CB - 7,49(2,87)c, PX - 4,60(4,96)d, SP - 0,57(2,43)e; ADIÇÃO (p=0,0001): 0 -12,34(7,22)a, S -10,31(5,76)b, CS -7,49(6,09)c. Para a alteração da rugosidade (p=0,0001), os resultados foram: TIPO DE ESPESSANTE (p=0,0001): SP - 5,19(23,36), GG - 9,70(17,75)ab, PX - 15,95(20,79)b, HEC - 53,58(71,82)c, CB - 55,49(63,69)c; ADIÇÃO (p=0,0001): 0 - 79,62(58,70)a, S - 3,23(12,08)a, CS - 1,09(9,44)b. Para a mudança de cor (ΔE), os resultados foram: TIPO DE ESPESSANTE (p=0,0001): SP - 5,40(2,92)a, GG - 3,13(1,83)a, PX - 3,18(2,57)ab, HEC - 3,82(2,05)bc, CB - 4,79(3,26)c. ADIÇÃO (p=0,2853): 0 - 4,37(2,60)a, S - 4,04(3,07)a, CS - 3,79(2,42)a. Os resultados para o teste de Dunnett para a microdureza: os grupos SP, SP-S e SP-CS não demonstraram diferenças com o grupo CN, e apenas os grupos GG e HEC-S não demostraram diferenças com o grupo CP e o grupo HEC-S para o CPC. Para a rugosidade, os grupos CB-CS, SP, PX-S, PX-CS, GG-S e GG-CS não demonstraram diferenças em relação ao grupo CN e todos os grupos apresentaram diferenças significativas para os grupos CP e CPC. Mediante os resultados desse estudo, podemos concluir que: A adição de cálcio e/ou fósforo em quantidades correspondente ao PS ou ao CS apenas do grupo SP impediu a queda da dureza e o aumento da rugosidade. Os demais grupos apresentaram alterações, porém sem afetar o tratamento clareador.
The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of adding calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P), in amounts corresponding to the saturation concentration (SC) and the solubility limit (SL), to bleaching gels containing different thickening agents on the demineralization of tooth enamel. Bleaching gels containing 35% hydrogen peroxide (PH) were manipulated and the thickeners were used: carbopol 980 (CB); aerosil 200 (SP); poloxamer 407 (PX); guar gum (GG) and hydroxyethylcellulose (HEC). The baseline readings of Knoop microhardness of the enamel using a microhardness, surface roughness using a contact profilometer and color using a colorimetric reflectance spectrophotometer were taken. The specimens were divided into 5 experimental groups according to the type of thickener. Each group was divided into three subgroups (n=20), according to mineral supplementation (0 - no supplementation; SC - addition of Ca and P according to the SC calculated for that thickener; SL - addition of the maximum amount of Ca and P according to SL). In addition, three control groups (n=20) were prepared, namely: NC (negative control – ultra pure water); PC (positive control – 35% pH without the addition of any mineral); CC (commercial positive control - commercial Whiteness HP gel). Were applied 0.050 g of the respective bleaching gels to each specimen for 45 min. The microhardness and surface roughness of the samples were measured immediately after bleaching. All samples were then immersed in artificial saliva for 7 days and the final color evaluated. Data from the experimental groups were statistically analyzed with 2-way ANOVA (THICKENER TYPE x MINERAL SUPPLEMENTATION) and Tukey test. Comparison with control groups was performed using Dunnett's test (5%). For all measurements performed, ANOVA showed significant differences for the two factors (p<0.05). For microhardness change, the Tukey test results were: THICKENER TYPE (p=0.0001): HEC - 15.40(6.97)a, GG - 10.31(5.78)b, CB - 7.49(2.87)c, PX - 4 .60(4.96)d, SP - 0.57(2.43)e; ADDITION (p=0.0001): 0 -12.34(7.22)a, SC -10.31(5.76)b, SL -7.49(6.09)c. For roughness change (p=0.0001), the results were: TYPE OF THICKENER (p=0.0001): SP - 5.19(23.36), GG - 9.70(17.75)ab, PX - 15.95(20.79)b, HEC - 53.58(71.82)c, CB - 55.49(63.69)c; ADDITION (p=0.0001): 0 - 79.62(58.70)a, SC - 3.23(12.08)a, SL - 1.09(9.44)b. For the color change (ΔE), the results were: TYPE OF THICKENER (p=0.0001): SP - 5.40(2.92)a, GG - 3.13(1.83)a, PX - 3.18(2.57)ab, HEC - 3.82(2.05)bc, CB - 4.79(3.26)c. ADDITION (p=0.2853): 0 - 4.37(2.60)a, SC - 4.04(3.07)a, SL - 3.79(2.42)a. The results for the Dunnett test for microhardness were: the SP, SP-S and SP-CS groups did not show differences with the CN group, and only the GG and HEC-S groups did not show differences with the CP group and the HEC-S for the CPC. For roughness, the CB-CS, SP, PX-S, PX-CS, GG-S and GG-CS groups did not show differences in relation to the CN group and all groups showed significant differences for the CP and CPC groups. By the results of this study, we can conclude that: The addition of calcium and/or phosphorus in amounts corresponding to the SC or to the SL of the aerosil group only prevented the drop in hardness and the increase in roughness.
The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of adding calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P), in amounts corresponding to the saturation concentration (SC) and the solubility limit (SL), to bleaching gels containing different thickening agents on the demineralization of tooth enamel. Bleaching gels containing 35% hydrogen peroxide (PH) were manipulated and the thickeners were used: carbopol 980 (CB); aerosil 200 (SP); poloxamer 407 (PX); guar gum (GG) and hydroxyethylcellulose (HEC). The baseline readings of Knoop microhardness of the enamel using a microhardness, surface roughness using a contact profilometer and color using a colorimetric reflectance spectrophotometer were taken. The specimens were divided into 5 experimental groups according to the type of thickener. Each group was divided into three subgroups (n=20), according to mineral supplementation (0 - no supplementation; SC - addition of Ca and P according to the SC calculated for that thickener; SL - addition of the maximum amount of Ca and P according to SL). In addition, three control groups (n=20) were prepared, namely: NC (negative control – ultra pure water); PC (positive control – 35% pH without the addition of any mineral); CC (commercial positive control - commercial Whiteness HP gel). Were applied 0.050 g of the respective bleaching gels to each specimen for 45 min. The microhardness and surface roughness of the samples were measured immediately after bleaching. All samples were then immersed in artificial saliva for 7 days and the final color evaluated. Data from the experimental groups were statistically analyzed with 2-way ANOVA (THICKENER TYPE x MINERAL SUPPLEMENTATION) and Tukey test. Comparison with control groups was performed using Dunnett's test (5%). For all measurements performed, ANOVA showed significant differences for the two factors (p<0.05). For microhardness change, the Tukey test results were: THICKENER TYPE (p=0.0001): HEC - 15.40(6.97)a, GG - 10.31(5.78)b, CB - 7.49(2.87)c, PX - 4 .60(4.96)d, SP - 0.57(2.43)e; ADDITION (p=0.0001): 0 -12.34(7.22)a, SC -10.31(5.76)b, SL -7.49(6.09)c. For roughness change (p=0.0001), the results were: TYPE OF THICKENER (p=0.0001): SP - 5.19(23.36), GG - 9.70(17.75)ab, PX - 15.95(20.79)b, HEC - 53.58(71.82)c, CB - 55.49(63.69)c; ADDITION (p=0.0001): 0 - 79.62(58.70)a, SC - 3.23(12.08)a, SL - 1.09(9.44)b. For the color change (ΔE), the results were: TYPE OF THICKENER (p=0.0001): SP - 5.40(2.92)a, GG - 3.13(1.83)a, PX - 3.18(2.57)ab, HEC - 3.82(2.05)bc, CB - 4.79(3.26)c. ADDITION (p=0.2853): 0 - 4.37(2.60)a, SC - 4.04(3.07)a, SL - 3.79(2.42)a. The results for the Dunnett test for microhardness were: the SP, SP-S and SP-CS groups did not show differences with the CN group, and only the GG and HEC-S groups did not show differences with the CP group and the HEC-S for the CPC. For roughness, the CB-CS, SP, PX-S, PX-CS, GG-S and GG-CS groups did not show differences in relation to the CN group and all groups showed significant differences for the CP and CPC groups. By the results of this study, we can conclude that: The addition of calcium and/or phosphorus in amounts corresponding to the SC or to the SL of the aerosil group only prevented the drop in hardness and the increase in roughness.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Clareamento dentário, Cálcio, Fósforo, Esmalte dentário, Desmineralização, Espessante, tooth bleaching, calcium, phosphorus, dental enamel, demineralization, thickener