Controle do fornecimento e da utilização de substratos energéticos no encéfalo
Carregando...
Data
1995-09-01
Autores
Schelp, Arthur Oscar [UNESP]
Burini, R.C. [UNESP]
Título da Revista
ISSN da Revista
Título de Volume
Editor
Academia Brasileira de Neurologia (ABNEURO)
Resumo
Correspondendo a apenas 2% do peso corpóreo, o cérebro apresenta taxa metabólica superior à maioria dos demais órgãos e sistemas. A maior parte do consumo energético encefálico ocorre no transporte iônico para manutenção do potencial de membrana celular. Praticamente desprovido de estoques, os substratos energéticos para o encéfalo são fornecidos necessariamente pela circulação sanguínea.O suprimento desses substratos sofre também a ação seletiva da barreira hemato-encefálica (BHE). O principal substrato, que é a glicose, tem uma demanda de 150 g/dia (0,7 mM/g/min). A metabolização intracelular parece ser controlada pela fosfofrutoquinase. A manose e os produtos intermediários do metabolismo (frutose 1,6 bifosfato, piruvato, lactato e acetato) podem substituir, em parte, a glicose, quando os níveis sangüíneos desta encontram-se elevados. Quando oxidado, o lactato chega a responder por 21% do consumo cerebral de Ov em situações de isquemia e inflamação infecciosa, o tecido cerebral passa de consumidor a produtor de lactato. Os corpos cetônicos também podem reduzir as necessidades cerebrais de glicose desde que oferecidos em quantidades suficientes ao encéfalo. Entretanto, devem ser considerados como um substrato complementar e nunca alternativo da glicose, pois comprometem a produção cerebral de succinil CoA e GTP. Quanto aos demais substratos, embora apresentem condições metabólicas, não existem demonstrações consistentes de que o cérebro produza energia a partir dos ácidos graxos sistêmicos, mesmo em situações de hipoglicemia. de maneira análoga, etanol e glicerol são considerados apenas a nível de experimentação. A utilização dos aminoácidos é dependente da sua captação, limitada tanto pela baixa concentração sangüínea, como pela seletividade da BHE. A maior captação ocorre para os de cadeia ramificada e destes, a valina. A menor captação é a de aminoácidos sintetizados no cérebro (aspartato,gluconato e alanina). Todos podem ser oxidados a CO, e H(2)0. Entretanto, mesmo com o consumo de glicose reduzido a 50%, a contribuição energética dos aminoácidos não ultrapassa 10%. Para manter o suprimento adequado de glicose e oxigênio, o fluxo sangüíneo cerebral é da ordem de 800 ml/min (15% do débito cardíaco). O consumo de O, pelo cérebro é equivalente a 20% do total consumido pelo corpo. Esses mecanismos, descritos como controladores da utilização de substratos energéticos pelo cérebro, sofrem a influência da idade apenas no período perinatal, com a oxidação do lactato na fase pré-latente e dos corpos cetônicos, no início da amamentação.
Altrough accounting for 2% of body weight, brain has one of the greatest metabolic rates compared with other organs and systems. The energy metabolic consum is expended mainly in the maintenance of ionic gradient, essential to neuronal activity. Brain receives energy substrates from circulation, with interference of blood brain barrier (BBB). Glucose is the main substrate and has a metabolic rate so high as 150 g/day (0,7 mM/G/min). At cellular level, metabolism of glucose seems to be controlled by phosphofructokynase. If the cellular level were high enough, manose and other products like fructose 1,6 biphosphate, pyruvate, lactate and acetate can be used in the place of glucose. Lactate, when oxyded, consums at least 21 % of the cerebral needs of 0,. In ischemia and inflammatory infections, brain tissue produces lactate instead of use it. Ketone bodies reduce cerebral needs of glucose; in view of the disturbances that occur in cerebral production of succinyl CoA and guanosine 3 phosphate (GTP), they must be considered as complementary substrate but not as an alternative one. Although they can be metabolized, there are no evidences that brain could produce energy from systemic free fatty acids, even when hypoglicemia is present. Ethanol and glycerol are considered only at experimental level. Brain uptake of aminoacids occur better for long chain aminoacids, specially valine. The aminoacids that are synthetised in the brain (aspartate,gluconate and alanine) show the lower absortion rates. All aminoacids should be oxided to CO, and H,0. Even when glucose consum is reduced to 30%, aminoacid accounts for only 10% of the energetic expenditure of the brain. To maintain cerebral glucose and oxygen supply to the brain , blood flow must be at least 800 ml/min. The regulation of supply and consumption of energy substrate by the brain is changed in few situations. Among them, are included the oxidation of lactate immediately before milk diet early in development and utilization of ketone bodies at the beginning of lactation. This review includes a brief discussion about the relevance of glucose as the main energy substrate for cerebral tissue in different ages and ischemia or hypoxia.
Altrough accounting for 2% of body weight, brain has one of the greatest metabolic rates compared with other organs and systems. The energy metabolic consum is expended mainly in the maintenance of ionic gradient, essential to neuronal activity. Brain receives energy substrates from circulation, with interference of blood brain barrier (BBB). Glucose is the main substrate and has a metabolic rate so high as 150 g/day (0,7 mM/G/min). At cellular level, metabolism of glucose seems to be controlled by phosphofructokynase. If the cellular level were high enough, manose and other products like fructose 1,6 biphosphate, pyruvate, lactate and acetate can be used in the place of glucose. Lactate, when oxyded, consums at least 21 % of the cerebral needs of 0,. In ischemia and inflammatory infections, brain tissue produces lactate instead of use it. Ketone bodies reduce cerebral needs of glucose; in view of the disturbances that occur in cerebral production of succinyl CoA and guanosine 3 phosphate (GTP), they must be considered as complementary substrate but not as an alternative one. Although they can be metabolized, there are no evidences that brain could produce energy from systemic free fatty acids, even when hypoglicemia is present. Ethanol and glycerol are considered only at experimental level. Brain uptake of aminoacids occur better for long chain aminoacids, specially valine. The aminoacids that are synthetised in the brain (aspartate,gluconate and alanine) show the lower absortion rates. All aminoacids should be oxided to CO, and H,0. Even when glucose consum is reduced to 30%, aminoacid accounts for only 10% of the energetic expenditure of the brain. To maintain cerebral glucose and oxygen supply to the brain , blood flow must be at least 800 ml/min. The regulation of supply and consumption of energy substrate by the brain is changed in few situations. Among them, are included the oxidation of lactate immediately before milk diet early in development and utilization of ketone bodies at the beginning of lactation. This review includes a brief discussion about the relevance of glucose as the main energy substrate for cerebral tissue in different ages and ischemia or hypoxia.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
cérebro, substratos energéticos, metabolismo, brain, energy substrate, metabolism
Como citar
Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria. Academia Brasileira de Neurologia - ABNEURO, v. 53, n. 3b, p. 690-697, 1995.