Contribuição da pesquisa científica brasileira no desenvolvimento de algumas frutíferas de clima subtropical
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Data
2011-10-01
Autores
Pereira, Fernando Mendes [UNESP]
Kavati, Ryosuke
Título da Revista
ISSN da Revista
Título de Volume
Editor
Sociedade Brasileira de Fruticultura
Resumo
Quando se considera aptidão climática, as plantas frutíferas são classificadas em: tropicais, subtropicais e temperadas. Esta tradicional classificação, por muito tempo, mostrou-se bastante efetiva. Os mais atuais conhecimentos dos centros de origens de diferentes espécies, os avanços tecnológicos na condução dos pomares e na conservação dos frutos e especialmente o melhoramento genético criaram condições excepcionais para o cultivo de espécies tropicais e temperadas em clima subtropical. No presente trabalho foram selecionadas as culturas da atemoieira, do caquizeiro, da figueira e da goiabeira com base não apenas na importância nacional e regional, mas também pelas diferentes contribuições que a pesquisa científica ofereceu a estas frutíferas. Atemoieira - dentre as espécies frutíferas exploradas em larga escala, talvez seja a de mais recente introdução de cultivo no Brasil, iniciado em meados da década de 1980. Diversas técnicas de cultivo foram desenvolvidas, como porta-enxertos mais adequados para cada região, podas de formação e produção, polinização artificial, manejo de pragas e doenças, e diversas outras tecnologias que permitiram rápida expansão da cultura em diversas regiões do País. Embora o importante papel das Universidades, Institutos de Pesquisas e Extensão seja inquestionável, foi fundamental a contribuição dos produtores pioneiros que iniciaram a busca de soluções para os problemas surgidos, indicando as necessidades para intervenções da pesquisa. Caquizeiro - a produção brasileira de caqui (IBGE - 2009), de 171.555 t, é obtida em uma área de 8.770 ha e representa um valor de 146,67 milhões de reais. São Estados maiores produtores São Paulo (111.646 t), Rio Grande do Sul, Paraná e Rio de Janeiro). As principais cultivares em produção são: Rama Forte, Giombo e Fuyu, que são comercializados prioritariamente no mercado interno. Figueira - a produção brasileira de figos vem mantendo-se com pequenas variações nos anos de 2000, atingindo 24.146 t em 2009 (IBGE - IBRAF), sendo os Estados do Rio Grande do Sul e São Paulo, os maiores produtores . No Estado de São Paulo, o cultivo concentra-se quase que exclusivamente na região de Campinas, sendo a produção de 9.469 t em 2010 (IEA). Os frutos colhidos graças à tecnologia desenvolvida é, em parte, exportada como figo de mesa (1.645 t em 2008). Fonte DECEX (MICT) IBRAF - 2010. Goiabeira - o cultivo da goiabeira no Brasil permite considerá-la atualmente como uma espécie plenamente adaptada ao clima subtropical. O desenvolvimento de variedades adaptadas e técnicas especiais de cultivo propiciaram grande expansão desta cultura no Brasil. Segundo o IBGE - IBRAF, em 2009, o Brasil produziu 297.377 t em uma área de 15.048 ha. Pernambuco, São Paulo, Brasília, Rio de Janeiro e Bahia são os principais produtores. No Estado de São Paulo, é importante destacar a produção de goiabas para mesa (50.000 t) que graças à alta qualidade dos frutos é exportado com sucesso.
Considering the climatic aptitude the fruit plants are classified in: tropical, subtropical and temperate. This traditional classification was very effective during a long period of time. Based on more update knowledge of the origin centers of the different species, the technological advances in the fruit crops and, in the fruit conservation and specially the genetic breeding created exceptional for the cropping of tropical species and temperate in subtropical climate. In this research were select the atemoya, persimmon, fig tree and guava crop based not only in the national and regional importance but also in the different contributions that the scientific research offered to the fruit plants. Atemoya - within the fruit species exploited in a large scale may be the more recent introduction in cropping in Brazil, initiated in the 1980 decade. Several techniques of cropping were developed such as root stocks more adequate for each region, pruning, artificial pollination, pest management and disease control and several others technologies that permitted a fast expansion of the fruit crops in several country regions. Although the remarkable contribution of the Universities, Research Institutes and Extension Agencies, was fundamental the pioneer contribution of the producers to solve the problems of the crops indicating the necessity for more research in this crop fruit. Persimmon - the Brazilian production of persimmon (IBGE - 2009) was 171,555 tons was obtained in a area of 8,770 ha and represented a value of 146,67 real millions. The major production states in Brazil were São Paulo (111,646 tons) Rio Grande do Sul, Paraná and Rio de Janeiro. The main cultivars in production are: 'Rama Forte', 'Giombo' and 'Fuyu' which are found in the internal market. Fig tree - the Brazilian production of fig at 2009 according to IBGE - IBRAF were 24,146 tons being the major production states in Brazil the Rio Grande do Sul and São Paulo. At São Paulo the fig production is concentrate in the Campinas region, being a production of 9,469 tons in 2010 (IEA). The harvested fruit due to developed technology is export as fresh fruits (1,645 tons at 2008). Source: DECEX (MCT) IBRAF - 2010. Guava crop - the guava crop in Brazil is adapted to a subtropical climate. This crop in Brazil had a great expansion due to the development of cultivars adapted to the climate and special techniques of cultivation. According to IBGE - IBRAF at 2009 Brazil produced 297,377 tons in a area of 15,048 ha. The major productions areas are located at Pernambuco, São Paulo, Brasilia, Rio de Janeiro and Bahia. In São Paulo states were produced more guava for fresh consumption due to the high quality of fruit harvested (50,000 tons).
Considering the climatic aptitude the fruit plants are classified in: tropical, subtropical and temperate. This traditional classification was very effective during a long period of time. Based on more update knowledge of the origin centers of the different species, the technological advances in the fruit crops and, in the fruit conservation and specially the genetic breeding created exceptional for the cropping of tropical species and temperate in subtropical climate. In this research were select the atemoya, persimmon, fig tree and guava crop based not only in the national and regional importance but also in the different contributions that the scientific research offered to the fruit plants. Atemoya - within the fruit species exploited in a large scale may be the more recent introduction in cropping in Brazil, initiated in the 1980 decade. Several techniques of cropping were developed such as root stocks more adequate for each region, pruning, artificial pollination, pest management and disease control and several others technologies that permitted a fast expansion of the fruit crops in several country regions. Although the remarkable contribution of the Universities, Research Institutes and Extension Agencies, was fundamental the pioneer contribution of the producers to solve the problems of the crops indicating the necessity for more research in this crop fruit. Persimmon - the Brazilian production of persimmon (IBGE - 2009) was 171,555 tons was obtained in a area of 8,770 ha and represented a value of 146,67 real millions. The major production states in Brazil were São Paulo (111,646 tons) Rio Grande do Sul, Paraná and Rio de Janeiro. The main cultivars in production are: 'Rama Forte', 'Giombo' and 'Fuyu' which are found in the internal market. Fig tree - the Brazilian production of fig at 2009 according to IBGE - IBRAF were 24,146 tons being the major production states in Brazil the Rio Grande do Sul and São Paulo. At São Paulo the fig production is concentrate in the Campinas region, being a production of 9,469 tons in 2010 (IEA). The harvested fruit due to developed technology is export as fresh fruits (1,645 tons at 2008). Source: DECEX (MCT) IBRAF - 2010. Guava crop - the guava crop in Brazil is adapted to a subtropical climate. This crop in Brazil had a great expansion due to the development of cultivars adapted to the climate and special techniques of cultivation. According to IBGE - IBRAF at 2009 Brazil produced 297,377 tons in a area of 15,048 ha. The major productions areas are located at Pernambuco, São Paulo, Brasilia, Rio de Janeiro and Bahia. In São Paulo states were produced more guava for fresh consumption due to the high quality of fruit harvested (50,000 tons).
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Frutas, atemóia, caqui, figo e goiaba, fruits, atemoya, persimmon, fig tree, guava crop
Como citar
Revista Brasileira de Fruticultura. Sociedade Brasileira de Fruticultura, v. 33, n. spe1, p. 92-108, 2011.