O uso de plantas epífitas por aves em uma região de mata atlântica no sudeste do Brasil
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Data
2007-04-10
Autores
Cestari, César [UNESP]
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Editor
Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
As plantas epífitas constituem grande parte da biomassa em florestas neotropicais e podem oferecer elevada variedade de recursos para as aves (néctar, frutos, flores, invertebrados, pequenos vertebrados, água, material para construção de ninho). Considerando os poucos trabalhos existentes sobre o tema, o uso de plantas epífitas vasculares por aves foi estudado na Estação Ecológica Juréia-Itatins, região de Mata Atlântica no sudeste do Brasil, estado de São Paulo. Adicionalmente, investigouse o grau de especialização e seletividade de uso das espécies de aves em epífitas e se existe relação entre a participação em bandos mistos e a exploração de epífitas. Ao final de 360 h de observações em transectos conduzidos em três trilhas foram registradas 74 interações envolvendo 24 espécies de aves que exploraram Bromeliaceae, Araceae, Gesneriaceae, Orchidaceae e Pteridophyta. As famílias de aves Thamnophilidae (quatro espécies), Trochilidae, Thraupidae e Furnariidae (três espécies cada) foram as mais representativas em riqueza. Furnariidae e Dendrocolaptidae tiveram o maior número de interações (25 e 11, respectivamente). Automolus leucophthalmus obteve relação significativa de exploração em epífitas quando associada a bandos mistos. Bromeliaceae e Araceae foram as famílias de plantas com maior abundância nas três trilhas e as mais exploradas pelas aves (37 e 34 registros, respectivamente). Os outros grupos somaram três registros de exploração sem obtenção de recursos. Néctar (6 registros), artrópodos (3), água para consumo (1), banho (1) e material para construção de ninho (1) foram os recursos utilizados pelas aves em Bromeliaceae. Em Araceae, artrópodos (2) e fruto (1) foram os recursos obtidos. Grande parte das aves demonstrou um comportamento oportunista e não-sazonal de exploração de epífitas, sem indícios de especialização...
Epiphytes constitute a great part of the vegetation biomass in neotropical forests, offering a variety of resources to birds (nectar, fruits, flowers, invertebrates, small vertebrates, water, nest material). Considering the few studies about the interactions between birds and epiphytes in tropical regions, We investigated the use of epiphytes by birds in the Juréia Itatins Ecological Station, SE Brazil, São Paulo State. Additionally, we studied the degree of foraging specialization and selectivity in epiphytes and the relationship between the exploitation of epiphytes and the participation of birds in mixed-species flocks. After 360 h of observations along three trails, 24 bird species (12 families) were recorded in 74 events of epiphyte exploitation on Bromeliaceae, Araceae, Gesneriaceae, Orchidaceae and Pteridophyta. Thamnophilidae (four species), Trochilidae, Thraupidae and Furnariidae (three species each) were the richest bird families in our sample, while Furnariidae and Dendrocolaptidae were the more frequently recorded families (25 and 11 records, respectively). The frequency of epiphyte exploitation by Automolus leucophthalmus was significantly greater when it was associated with mixed-species bird flocks. Plants in the Bromeliaceae and Araceae families were the most abundant and more frequently exploited epiphytes (37 and 34 records, respectively). The birds exploited Gesneriaceae, Orchidaceae and Pteridophyta only in three occasions with no resources obtained. Nectar (6 records), arthropods (3), water (1), bath (1) and nest material (1) were exploited in Bromeliaceae. In Araceae, birds obtained arthropods (2) and fruit (1). The use of epiphytes is opportunistic for most of the bird species and occurs throughout the year. The highest frequency of exploitation in bromeliads is probably a result of their high abundance in the area and the variety of resources offered to birds.
Epiphytes constitute a great part of the vegetation biomass in neotropical forests, offering a variety of resources to birds (nectar, fruits, flowers, invertebrates, small vertebrates, water, nest material). Considering the few studies about the interactions between birds and epiphytes in tropical regions, We investigated the use of epiphytes by birds in the Juréia Itatins Ecological Station, SE Brazil, São Paulo State. Additionally, we studied the degree of foraging specialization and selectivity in epiphytes and the relationship between the exploitation of epiphytes and the participation of birds in mixed-species flocks. After 360 h of observations along three trails, 24 bird species (12 families) were recorded in 74 events of epiphyte exploitation on Bromeliaceae, Araceae, Gesneriaceae, Orchidaceae and Pteridophyta. Thamnophilidae (four species), Trochilidae, Thraupidae and Furnariidae (three species each) were the richest bird families in our sample, while Furnariidae and Dendrocolaptidae were the more frequently recorded families (25 and 11 records, respectively). The frequency of epiphyte exploitation by Automolus leucophthalmus was significantly greater when it was associated with mixed-species bird flocks. Plants in the Bromeliaceae and Araceae families were the most abundant and more frequently exploited epiphytes (37 and 34 records, respectively). The birds exploited Gesneriaceae, Orchidaceae and Pteridophyta only in three occasions with no resources obtained. Nectar (6 records), arthropods (3), water (1), bath (1) and nest material (1) were exploited in Bromeliaceae. In Araceae, birds obtained arthropods (2) and fruit (1). The use of epiphytes is opportunistic for most of the bird species and occurs throughout the year. The highest frequency of exploitation in bromeliads is probably a result of their high abundance in the area and the variety of resources offered to birds.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Ecologia vegetal, Mata Atlântica, Estação ecológica Juréia-Itatins (SP), Bandos mistos
Como citar
CESTARI, César. O uso de plantas epífitas por aves em uma região de mata atlântica no sudeste do Brasil. 2007. iv, 38 f. Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual Paulista, Instituto de Biociências de Rio Claro, 2007.