Suscetibilidade do zooplâncton ao uso do solo, às aplicações de agrotóxicos e vinhaça: análise da diversidade funcional e taxonômica
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2024-03-08
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
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O uso e manejo do solo são um dos principais impactos às comunidades aquáticas e terrestres na atualidade. Dentre os diferentes usos do solo, os usos para plantações e pastagens são um dos mais impactantes, uma vez que utilizam agroquímicos, como inseticidas, herbicidas e fertilizantes, além da vinhaça, empregada como fertilizante natural nos cultivos de cana de açúcar no Brasil. Esses pesticidas e vinhaça podem ser carreados aos corpos aquáticos e impactar as comunidades aquáticas e os parâmetros da água. Diante disso, o objetivo principal dessa tese de doutorado foi avaliar a suscetibilidade do zooplâncton ao uso do solo, às aplicações de agrotóxicos e à vinhaça utilizando análises da diversidade funcional e taxonômica. Para atingir esse objetivo foram realizados estudos que resultaram na elaboração de 4 artigos com 3 abordagens, sendo elas: uma revisão de cienciometria, análise de dados coletados em campo e dois experimentos de mesocosmos. O primeiro artigo teve como objetivo apresentar um panorama global dos estudos sobre os efeitos do uso da terra sobre as comunidades zooplanctônicas de água doce, por meio da ciênciometria e de uma síntese dos principais conhecimentos produzidos em artigos publicados sobre o tema. Após a seleção, chegamos a um total de 80 artigos, revelando que este número tem aumentado ao longo do tempo, especialmente nos EUA, Polónia, Canadá, China, Argentina e Brasil. O uso da terra para plantações, pastagem e urbanização tem demonstrado ter um impacto negativo nas comunidades de zooplâncton. A presença de vegetação natural circundante em ambientes aquáticos tem demonstrado contribuir para uma maior diversidade taxonômica e funcional do zooplâncton. O segundo artigo teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito dos parâmetros da água de oito reservatórios inseridos em uma paisagem agropastoril sobre a estrutura funcional do zooplâncton. Os modelos mistos aditivos generalizados revelaram que o pH e o nitrogênio total são variáveis chave para a estruturação funcional do zooplâncton. No terceiro artigo foi realizado um experimento com simulações realísticas de uso e manejo do solo com a construção de mesocosmos. Este estudo teve como objetivo verificar os efeitos do uso e manejo do solo em pastagem extensiva, pastagem intensiva e cana-de-açúcar sobre a estrutura taxonômica e funcional do zooplâncton e analisar quais parâmetros da água estruturam o zooplâncton sob a influência de cada tipo de uso do solo. Nos usos do solo para pastagem intensiva e cana de açúcar houve uma redução da diversidade de Shannon e da riqueza funcional entre o início e o final do experimento. O pH foi o parâmetro mais importante na estruturação das comunidades zooplanctônicas, sendo a única variável estruturante presente em todos os tratamentos. O quarto artigo teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos do fipronil, do 2,4-D e da vinhaça, isoladamente ou
em misturas, sobre a diversidade do zooplâncton e identificar os parâmetros da água que estruturam a comunidade. Foi realizado um experimento em mesocosmos com seis tratamentos e três réplicas: controle (C), 2,4-D (D), fipronil (F), fipronil e 2,4-D (M), vinhaça (V) e todos os compostos (MV). Após a aplicação dos compostos, a riqueza de espécies, a diversidade de Shannon-Wiener, a riqueza e a dispersão funcional foram significativamente mais baixas nos tratamentos F, M, MV e V do que nos tratamentos C e D durante o experimento. Os parâmetros estruturais da água foram diferentes para cada tratamento. No tratamento C, a temperatura e a clorofila foram as variáveis estruturantes. No tratamento D, a turbidez e o pH foram as principais variáveis. A clorofila a foi a principal variável estruturante no tratamento F, enquanto o pH e a condutividade elétrica foram as variáveis estruturantes nos tratamentos MV e V, respectivamente. Os resultados desta tese destacam os impactos deletérios do uso e manejo do solo para pastagens e cana de açúcar e da aplicação de inseticida e vinhaça. Além disso, dependendo do tipo de uso do solo ou da aplicação de pesticida e de vinhaça os parâmetros da água que estruturam o zooplâncton serão diferentes, destacando o pH e a condutividade elétrica como os mais frequentes. As práticas agrícolas, uso e manejo do solo e aplicações de pesticidas ou vinhaça, reduzem a diversidade taxonômica e funcional do zooplâncton contribuindo para a perda de funções ecossistêmicas. Portanto, novas práticas sustentáveis de manejo e uso do solo precisam ser adotadas para diminuir os efeitos negativos sobre as comunidades aquáticas e, consequentemente, contribuir para a manutenção e conservação da biodiversidade aquática e das funções ecossistêmicas.
Land use and management is one of the most important impacts on aquatic and terrestrial communities today. Among the different land uses, sugarcane crpops and pastures are one of the most impactful because they use agrochemicals such as insecticides, herbicides and fertilizers, as well as vinasse, which is used as a natural fertilizer in sugarcane crops in Brazil. These pesticides and vinasse can be carried into water bodies and affect aquatic communities and water parameters. Against this background, the main objective of this thesis was to assess the sensitivity of zooplankton to land use, pesticide applications and vinasse using functional and taxonomic diversity analyses. To achieve this objective, studies were carried out that resulted in the preparation of 4 articles with 3 approaches: a review of scientometrics, analysis of data collected in the field and two mesocosm experiments. The aim of the first article was to provide a global overview of studies on the effects of land use on freshwater zooplankton communities, using scientometrics and a synthesis of the main findings in articles published on the subject. After selection, we arrived at a total of 80 articles, showing that this number has increased over time, especially in the USA, Poland, Canada, China, Argentina and Brazil. Land use for cropland, pasture and urbanization have been shown to have a negative impact on zooplankton communities. The presence of surrounding natural vegetation in aquatic environments has been shown to contribute to greater taxonomic and functional diversity of zooplankton. The second article aimed to evaluate the effect of water parameters of eight reservoirs inserted in an agropastoral landscape on the functional structure of zooplankton. The generalized additive mixed models revealed that pH and total nitrogen are key variables for the functional structuring of zooplankton. In the third article, an experiment with realistic simulations of land use and management was carried out using mesocosms. The aim of this study was to verify the effects of land use and management in extensive pasture, intensive pasture and sugarcane on the taxonomic and functional structure of zooplankton and to analyze which water parameters structure zooplankton under the influence of each type of land use. Intensive pasture and sugarcane land use showed a reduction in Shannon's diversity and functional richness between the beginning and the end of the experiment. pH was the most important parameter in structuring zooplankton communities, being the only structuring variable present in all treatments. The fourth article aimed to evaluate the effects of fipronil, 2,4-D and vinasse, alone or in mixtures, on zooplankton diversity and to identify the water parameters that structure the community. A mesocosm experiment was conducted with six treatments and three replicates: control (C), 2,4-D (D), fipronil (F), fipronil and 2,4-D (M), vinasse (V) and all compounds (MV). After application of the compounds, species richness, Shannon-Wiener diversity, richness and functional dispersion were significantly lower in the F, M, MV and V treatments than in the C and D treatments during the experiment. The structural parameters of the water were different for each treatment. In treatment C, temperature and chlorophyll were the structuring variables. In treatment D, turbidity and pH were the main structuring variables. Chlorophyll a was the main structuring variable in treatment F, while pH and electrical conductivity were the structuring variables in treatments MV and V, respectively. The results of this work highlight the detrimental effects of land use and management for pasture and sugarcane, as well as the application of insecticides and vinasse. In addition, depending on the type of land use or application of pesticides and vinasse, the water parameters that structure the zooplankton will be different, with pH and electrical conductivity being the most common. Agricultural practices, land use and management, and pesticide or vinasse applications reduce the taxonomic and functional diversity of zooplankton, contributing to the loss of ecosystem functions. Therefore, new sustainable land use and management practices need to be adopted to reduce the negative impacts on aquatic communities and thus contribute to the maintenance and conservation of aquatic biodiversity and ecosystem functions.
Land use and management is one of the most important impacts on aquatic and terrestrial communities today. Among the different land uses, sugarcane crpops and pastures are one of the most impactful because they use agrochemicals such as insecticides, herbicides and fertilizers, as well as vinasse, which is used as a natural fertilizer in sugarcane crops in Brazil. These pesticides and vinasse can be carried into water bodies and affect aquatic communities and water parameters. Against this background, the main objective of this thesis was to assess the sensitivity of zooplankton to land use, pesticide applications and vinasse using functional and taxonomic diversity analyses. To achieve this objective, studies were carried out that resulted in the preparation of 4 articles with 3 approaches: a review of scientometrics, analysis of data collected in the field and two mesocosm experiments. The aim of the first article was to provide a global overview of studies on the effects of land use on freshwater zooplankton communities, using scientometrics and a synthesis of the main findings in articles published on the subject. After selection, we arrived at a total of 80 articles, showing that this number has increased over time, especially in the USA, Poland, Canada, China, Argentina and Brazil. Land use for cropland, pasture and urbanization have been shown to have a negative impact on zooplankton communities. The presence of surrounding natural vegetation in aquatic environments has been shown to contribute to greater taxonomic and functional diversity of zooplankton. The second article aimed to evaluate the effect of water parameters of eight reservoirs inserted in an agropastoral landscape on the functional structure of zooplankton. The generalized additive mixed models revealed that pH and total nitrogen are key variables for the functional structuring of zooplankton. In the third article, an experiment with realistic simulations of land use and management was carried out using mesocosms. The aim of this study was to verify the effects of land use and management in extensive pasture, intensive pasture and sugarcane on the taxonomic and functional structure of zooplankton and to analyze which water parameters structure zooplankton under the influence of each type of land use. Intensive pasture and sugarcane land use showed a reduction in Shannon's diversity and functional richness between the beginning and the end of the experiment. pH was the most important parameter in structuring zooplankton communities, being the only structuring variable present in all treatments. The fourth article aimed to evaluate the effects of fipronil, 2,4-D and vinasse, alone or in mixtures, on zooplankton diversity and to identify the water parameters that structure the community. A mesocosm experiment was conducted with six treatments and three replicates: control (C), 2,4-D (D), fipronil (F), fipronil and 2,4-D (M), vinasse (V) and all compounds (MV). After application of the compounds, species richness, Shannon-Wiener diversity, richness and functional dispersion were significantly lower in the F, M, MV and V treatments than in the C and D treatments during the experiment. The structural parameters of the water were different for each treatment. In treatment C, temperature and chlorophyll were the structuring variables. In treatment D, turbidity and pH were the main structuring variables. Chlorophyll a was the main structuring variable in treatment F, while pH and electrical conductivity were the structuring variables in treatments MV and V, respectively. The results of this work highlight the detrimental effects of land use and management for pasture and sugarcane, as well as the application of insecticides and vinasse. In addition, depending on the type of land use or application of pesticides and vinasse, the water parameters that structure the zooplankton will be different, with pH and electrical conductivity being the most common. Agricultural practices, land use and management, and pesticide or vinasse applications reduce the taxonomic and functional diversity of zooplankton, contributing to the loss of ecosystem functions. Therefore, new sustainable land use and management practices need to be adopted to reduce the negative impacts on aquatic communities and thus contribute to the maintenance and conservation of aquatic biodiversity and ecosystem functions.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Impactos ambientais, Paisagem, Inseticida, Herbicida, Cladocera, Copepoda, Rotifera, Environmental impact, Landscape, Insecticide, Herbicide
Como citar
SANTOS, Natan Guilherme dos. Suscetibilidade do zooplâncton ao uso do solo, às aplicações de agrotóxicos e vinhaça: análise da diversidade funcional e taxonômica. (Doutorado em Biodiversidade). 2024. 315 f. - Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Instituto de Biociências Letras e Ciências Exatas (Ibilce), São José do Rio Preto, 2024.