“A violência, ela veio do Estado, depois ela veio dos professores”: medo, violência e memória das manifestações secundaristas paulistas de 2015
Data
2023-06-05
Autores
Ezequiel, Vanderlei de Castro
Título da Revista
ISSN da Revista
Título de Volume
Editor
Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
Ao iniciarmos esta pesquisa, constatamos que havia uma carência de trabalhos que abordassem em profundidade o tema da violência contra o movimento secundarista paulista de 2015. Por isso, consideramos relevante refletir sobre as situações de violência contra os e as estudantes, registrando o fenômeno a partir de suas memórias. Assim, partimos da seguinte problemática: Qual a memória/percepção dos e das estudantes em relação às múltiplas violências que sofreram durante o movimento secundarista? O que a violência fez com a subjetividade dos e das estudantes? Por que as manifestações pacíficas dos e das estudantes secundaristas foram reprimidas com violência? Diante disso, a pesquisa teve como objetivo geral identificar e refletir sobre as múltiplas situações de violência praticadas contra os e as secundaristas paulistas. Para tanto, foi necessário mapear as situações de violência praticadas contra os e as estudantes, analisar como a grande imprensa paulista noticiou a violência contra os e as manifestantes e refletir sobre o impacto da violência na memória dos e das estudantes. Realizamos, então, três tipos de pesquisa, a saber: a pesquisa bibliográfica, a documental e a pesquisa de campo. A pesquisa bibliográfica inicial se concentrou em publicações acadêmicas que abordaram as manifestações secundaristas. Os dados obtidos nessas leituras proporcionaram uma visão panorâmica dos fatos e das situações de violência. De posse dessas informações, partimos para uma pesquisa em teses e dissertações sobre o assunto. Por fim, realizamos pesquisa bibliográfica em obras de referência para o debate teórico-conceitual. A pesquisa documental consistiu no levantamento das notícias publicadas na imprensa sobre o movimento secundarista, para isto, selecionamos os dois maiores jornais paulistas: Folha de S.Paulo e O Estado de S. Paulo. Na pesquisa de campo, realizamos entrevistas com os e as manifestantes. Entretanto, a dificuldade em obter as entrevistas, levou-nos a utilizar a técnica bola de neve (descrita no item 3.1.2), que resulta numa amostra não-probabilística. Como estávamos no auge da pandemia de Covid-19, todos os contatos foram realizados por meio de aplicativo de troca de mensagens (WhatsApp). Foram obtidas 26 entrevistas. Diante disso, verificamos que, embora os e as secundaristas tenham realizado um movimento pacífico, reivindicando principalmente o direito de discutir o projeto do governo paulista, eles enfrentaram a forte repressão policial. Ademais, sofreram violência física e psicológica da direção escolar e docentes, além de atos violentos praticados por outros atores sociais contrários ao movimento. Verificamos, ainda, que o medo da violência deixou marcas profundas na subjetividade dos e das manifestantes. Por fim, verificamos que os dois maiores jornais paulistas seguiram uma linha editorial muito semelhante ao noticiar as manifestações secundaristas, limitando o confronto de versões e opiniões sobre o movimento. Concluímos que, a grande imprensa paulista não noticiou o fenômeno da violência contra os e as estudantes em sua totalidade. Nesse sentido, defendemos, nesta tese de doutorado, que o estudo das situações de violência em sua profundidade, escutando os e as manifestantes, permite uma visão mais abrangente dos fatos. Enfim, compreendemos que, apesar de suas limitações, esta pesquisa se tornou uma denúncia da violência contra os e as estudantes secundaristas, constituindo sua relevância acadêmica e social ao mesmo tempo.
When we started this research, we found that there was a lack of works that addressed in depth the theme of violence against the high school movement in São Paulo in 2015. Therefore, we consider it relevant to reflect on situations of violence against students, recording the phenomenon from the perspective of of your memories. Thus, we start from the following problem: What is the memory/perception of the students in relation to the multiple violence they suffered during the secondary movement? What did violence do to the subjectivity of the students? Why were the peaceful demonstrations of high school students repressed with violence? In view of this, the research had as its general objective to identify and reflect on the multiple situations of violence practiced against high school students from São Paulo. For that, it was necessary to map the situations of violence practiced against the students, analyze how the great São Paulo press reported the violence against the protesters and reflect on the impact of violence in the memory of the students. We then carried out three types of research, namely: bibliographic research, documentary research and field research. The initial bibliographical research focused on academic publications that addressed secondary manifestations. The data obtained from these readings provided a panoramic view of the facts and situations of violence. With this information in hand, we set out to research theses and dissertations on the subject. Finally, we carried out bibliographical research in works of reference for the theoretical-conceptual debate. The documentary research consisted of surveying the news published in the press about the secondary movement, for this, we selected the two largest newspapers in São Paulo: Folha de S.Paulo and O Estado de S. Paulo. In the field research, we conducted interviews with the demonstrators. However, the difficulty in obtaining the interviews led us to use the snowball technique (described in item 3.1.2), which results in a non-probabilistic sample. As we were at the height of the Covid-19 pandemic, all contacts were made through a messaging application (WhatsApp). 26 interviews were obtained. In view of this, we found that, although the high school students carried out a peaceful movement, mainly claiming the right to discuss the São Paulo government project, they faced strong police repression. Furthermore, they suffered physical and psychological violence from the school board and teachers, in addition to violent acts committed by other social actors opposed to the movement. We also verified that the fear of violence left deep marks on the subjectivity of the demonstrators. Finally, we found that the two largest São Paulo newspapers followed a very similar editorial line when reporting high school demonstrations, limiting the confrontation of versions and opinions about the movement. We conclude that the great São Paulo press did not report the phenomenon of violence against students in its entirety. In this sense, we defend, in this doctoral thesis, that the study of situations of violence in their depth, listening to the demonstrators, allows a more comprehensive view of the facts. Finally, we understand that, despite its limitations, this research has become a denunciation of violence against high school students, constituting its academic and social relevance at the same time.
When we started this research, we found that there was a lack of works that addressed in depth the theme of violence against the high school movement in São Paulo in 2015. Therefore, we consider it relevant to reflect on situations of violence against students, recording the phenomenon from the perspective of of your memories. Thus, we start from the following problem: What is the memory/perception of the students in relation to the multiple violence they suffered during the secondary movement? What did violence do to the subjectivity of the students? Why were the peaceful demonstrations of high school students repressed with violence? In view of this, the research had as its general objective to identify and reflect on the multiple situations of violence practiced against high school students from São Paulo. For that, it was necessary to map the situations of violence practiced against the students, analyze how the great São Paulo press reported the violence against the protesters and reflect on the impact of violence in the memory of the students. We then carried out three types of research, namely: bibliographic research, documentary research and field research. The initial bibliographical research focused on academic publications that addressed secondary manifestations. The data obtained from these readings provided a panoramic view of the facts and situations of violence. With this information in hand, we set out to research theses and dissertations on the subject. Finally, we carried out bibliographical research in works of reference for the theoretical-conceptual debate. The documentary research consisted of surveying the news published in the press about the secondary movement, for this, we selected the two largest newspapers in São Paulo: Folha de S.Paulo and O Estado de S. Paulo. In the field research, we conducted interviews with the demonstrators. However, the difficulty in obtaining the interviews led us to use the snowball technique (described in item 3.1.2), which results in a non-probabilistic sample. As we were at the height of the Covid-19 pandemic, all contacts were made through a messaging application (WhatsApp). 26 interviews were obtained. In view of this, we found that, although the high school students carried out a peaceful movement, mainly claiming the right to discuss the São Paulo government project, they faced strong police repression. Furthermore, they suffered physical and psychological violence from the school board and teachers, in addition to violent acts committed by other social actors opposed to the movement. We also verified that the fear of violence left deep marks on the subjectivity of the demonstrators. Finally, we found that the two largest São Paulo newspapers followed a very similar editorial line when reporting high school demonstrations, limiting the confrontation of versions and opinions about the movement. We conclude that the great São Paulo press did not report the phenomenon of violence against students in its entirety. In this sense, we defend, in this doctoral thesis, that the study of situations of violence in their depth, listening to the demonstrators, allows a more comprehensive view of the facts. Finally, we understand that, despite its limitations, this research has become a denunciation of violence against high school students, constituting its academic and social relevance at the same time.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Movimento secundarista, Ocupações, Violência, Medo, Memória, Secondary movement, Occupations, Violence, Fear, Memory